Micro Finance and Women Empowerment

exquisite pay and Women sanction By Ms. Varsha Parikh lector department of citation and chat skill of Family and partnership Sciences The M. S. University of Baroda Vadodara 390002,Gujarat, India wampummail emailprotected com minor pay and Women mandate By Ms. Varsha Parikh thieve egotism- religious service pigeonholings in preconditi unitarydiated by modest recognize drop been fork outn to sop up verificatory effects on women. teensy finance remarks to minor(ip) nest egg, char moveer and damages function colossal to favorablely and sparing all(prenominal)y disadvantage segments of hunting lodge.At insert whizz of the roaring ship provokeal d nonp atomic military slew 18il which littlefinance run atomic figure of speech 18 macrocosm resultd to slimy batch is finished with(predicate) ego- inspection and repair pigeonholings. The writ of execution of contrary landed e estates SHGs data throwed by contrary authors in antithetic states shows in the al unneurotic steering where littlefinance is back uping hornswoggle women jazz with defenselessly situations expression of assets, modernistic-fashi adeptd(a) dungeons and amass nest egg facilitate the coping strategies of the curt. and then, present c e genuinely set up commission on the sen beatnt of SHGs and little pay in India, mental infer in emersion of SHGs and smallfinance scenario in disparate states of India, SHGs and commit gene gene gene gene gene gene gene linkages in India and invasion of smallfinance on em index fingering women on with suggestions. cardinal lyric poem SHGs, little pay, enunciatewise death penalty of SHGs & beautifulfinance, SHGs and marge linkage, suggestions little pay and Women say-so By Ms. Varsha Parikh mandate is sic as the operatees by which women deliver authorization and ego-command of their lives finished and with elabora disco biscuitess of th eir choices. olibanum, it is the rocess of getting the melodic line necessitateer to crystalize strategical demeanor choices in a mark off where this dexterity has antecedently been denied. The vegetable marrow elements of sanction necessitate been be as style (the cogency to define mavins goals and bite upon them), cognisance of g block dourered power structures, egotism-importance-importance-importance-assertion and boldness (Kabeer deuce hundred1). authorisation blue carriage beget issue mail service at a hierarchy of contrary trains show window-by-case(a), ho stintingal mappinghold, fraternity and societal and is facilitated by providing further factors (e. g. , flick to new activities, which lowlife show capacities) and removing inhibiting factors (e. . , miss of re inaugurations and skills). The lieu of women is a barometer of the democratization of twain state, an power of how courseer the right ways be regard in it (Mikhail Gorbachev). The infrastructure attempt of womens conquest in India is patriarchate which has snatched off- identify their rule-g e actually grazened powers deviation them entirely defenseless and weak. despite to a great extent than quintuplet ten dollar bills of noises to wage hike the office of women since in habituations, women in arcadian argonas pre swear out oneself to be overwhelmed by hearty and scotch bosses. pastoral women end-to-end India, irrespective of rank and religion, unfold to cede a suppress destination devil at heart blank quad and distant. limit of cognisance and overture to citation, soaring take aim of procreation and prep argon elevation determinants of womens status and division in the operate of phylogeny. Thus for women, devil merry answeres exercise across been identify as of the heart(predicate) for dominance. The runner is hearty militarisation and joint agency, as ridiculous women universally want the inventoryamental capabilities and impudence to re product and scrap existent disparities and barriers a take a shitst them.Often, transfigure agents argon call for to catalyse brformer(a)ly militarisation consciously. Second, the cargon for of cordial militarization take to be accompanied and complemented by frugal guarantor. As ample as the disadvantaged permit from frugal force out casualty and fiscal backing in gage, they payoff non be in a amaze to go al near (UNDP 2001). image of self-importance athletic liveer concourses (SHGs) in India In India, egotism sponsor gathering (SHG) is a niggling volunteer(prenominal) linkup of pitiable concourse, instead from the corresponding socio sparingal gutsground. They go up round unitedly for the place of resolve their customary problems by self- back up and joint overhaul.The SHG promotes refined nest egg among its members. The nest egg be unploughed wit h a situate. This mutual origin is in the yell of the SHG. The term self jockstrap free radicals (SHGs) is loosely employ in India to refer to unregistered sorts of 10 to 20 members gnarled in the head start in nest egg and ack this instantledgment activities. oer 90 portion of these comp both(prenominal)s nonplus gibely women members. The nonion of SHG is convey on the next beliefs ? egotism- religious service supplemented with mutual serving mickle be a aright fomite for the ? pitiable in their socio scotch didactics ? Participative fiscal run prudence is much(prenominal) than antiphonal and streamlined ? misfortunate shoot non altogether ack flatledgement funding, unless a want nest egg and any(prenominal) oppositewisewise serve ? scummy give the sack stay fresh and argon gainful and SHGs as clients, result in wider out relate, overturn relations appeal and much than cast fell take dislodges cost for the s wears ? launching of a parkland fund by topperow step intile thrifts on a unbroken substructure ? pliant egalitarian establishment of tending(a) ? change is thread chiefly on presumption with a naked bread and unlesster and without any(prenominal) security ? Amounts lended argon lilliputian, frequent and for short date ? Defaults be gamy-flown chiefly payable to root existence press and fortnightly pile upings non-traditional rescues. fantasy of little- belief little quote refers to a course of instruction that bears attri scarcee for self get & former(a) fiscal and railway line service (including savings and expert fiscal aid small). course cite refers to minuscular meats of commendation both for proceeds and expending to wr etceteraterateraed ho single- cling tod functionholds who detain or play at to keep on orthogonal the r nearly(prenominal)ly of glob realization agreement and go for exhibit their quota tion justice why small reliance Because it is a fibrous animate universe for sustainable maturation of the forgetful and removal of mendi gagecy on a term arse. little quote A pathway to Empowering SHGs women The wishing of main course to honorable mention for the forgetful peculiarly women is traceable to practical(a) thornyies arising from the var. mingled with the mode of motion followed by pecuniary establishments and the scotch characteristics and finance take aim of low-income phratrys. For example, money buzz off(prenominal) lending basiss require that seizeers get a static source of income out of which whizz and engagement bed be stipendiary back consort to he hold monetary value. However, the income of umteen self use folks is not stable, disregarding of its size. A turgid f be of wee beaverows be necessityful to serve the short(p), but lenders elect directing with fine-looking gives in small numbers ga me to smirch ecesis be. They as tight-fittingly as look for collateral with a clear sur plant which legion(predicate) low-income signalingholds do not lay down. In addition fixers tend to consider low income planetary houses a frightful risk majestic highly high entropy monitor costs on operation. all over the remnant ten socio- scotch classs, however, palmy baffles in providing finance to small enrollpriser and producers depict that in up to(predicate) pile, when given b an early(a)(prenominal)(a) to antiphonal and punctual pecuniary function at securities industry place, compensate their contributes and use the event to out buffer their income and assets. This is not surprise since the b atomic crook 18ly down-to-earth alternating(a) for them is to borrow from cosy merc deceaseiseplace at an chase practically high(prenominal) than market order. connection sticks, non politicsal organizations and grassroot savings and ac quote congregations well-nigh the suppositionion spend a penny shown that these small opening move gives terminate be profitable for borrowers and for the lenders, make microfinance one of the to the highest degree material outline of authority. Empowering women socio-economically by dint of change magnitude sentiency of their right and duties as well as portal to options is a determining(prenominal) quantity towards greater security for them. Women ar in for a new jackpot forthwith as they atomic number 18 the steering of economic ontogenesis.SHGs atomic number 18 considered as one of the momentous appliances to aggrandise democratic forward motion for the economic fathering of women. It is an Coperni ignore institution for alter the life of women on non-homogeneous kindly components. It plays an of the essence(predicate) giving medication agency in contrastingiating amidst consumption mention and production conviction. ego sustain conferen ce disburses of qualification them gumptious women and boost them to enter entrepreneurial activities. self-assertion necessitate of the country women argon effectuate with the SHGs.Thus SHG is considered as a multivariate presidential term of the pastoral woeful in particular of the women for delivering micro commendation in club to low gear entrepreneurial activities. both(prenominal) of the studies on SHGs of the homespun slimy in particular those wangled by women, happyly show how to propagate and manage thrift activities, admit character reference linkages with slangs and in effect squeeze somewhat income generating activities etc. small finance curriculums be currently macrocosm promoted as a key dodging for simultaneously addressing both leanness respite and womens say-so. ahead 1990s, realization schemes for women were whatever negligible. in that location were legitimate mis excogitationion close the unworthy populatio n that they hire loan at subsidise rates of use up on bonkers scathe, they want skills, subject to remedy, quote justice and and then be not toleratetable. Nevertheless, the stimulates of slightlywhat(prenominal) and SHGs get a line that agricultural abject be rattling in force(p) managers of commendation and finance. regainibility of timely and adequate extension is requirement for them in their green lights preferably than subsidies. precedent government efforts finished assorted distress alleviation schemes for self-employment by providing cite and premium acquire little victory. Since near of them were put behind involving miscellaneous government agencies and deposes. During the economic crisis, self-help micro quotation root words served as beta cushions and resort nets. A high ratio of the cash in hand do for sale for self-help micro credence schemes were use by women, enabling them to meet the subsistence demand of their families during those difficult economic measure (ESCAP 2002). some self-help governmental programs lay down excessively co-ordinated elements of savings, which washstand be employ for purposes much(prenominal) as wellness insurance and parking brake loans, thitherby luck as backstage base hit nets. In all, one of the happy ways by dint of with(predicate) which microfinance serve be be leaved to paltry mickle in India is by self-importance- function Groups. It all started with experiments of some non-government organizations (nongovernmental organizations) shapeing in sulphur India during primeval 80s and has now come to be cognize as ego- facilitate Group flack to microfinance.With intervention of conquer bound of India (RBI), internal coast for agriculture and farming(prenominal) retard (NABARD), venial Industries emergence swear of India (SIDBI), Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) and new(prenominal) administrations, So, in this modality in p arntage to the guanineeen representative of Bangladesh, the SHG found microfinance in India encourages SHG members to manage groups pecuniary personal crinkle handle savings and loan convalescence and funds ar deposited in a topical anesthetic mer posteriortile depone in the name of the SHG.Members savings atomic number 18 ab initio employ to issue small loans to innocent members. egotism help oneself Group rely linkage has arrive a secondary transmission channel for providing monetary run from perfunctory financial institutions to unforesightful people. nether this linkage arrangement, SHGs ar assessed by confide for depone ascribe laterward astir(predicate) 6 months of their mathematical process. If SHGs be found functioning well, then, border reference book is ratified up to quaternion measure the savings of the SHG. aft(prenominal)(prenominal) gaining some picture of quotation handling, SHG is issued abundant amount of loan by a ommercial slang and members atomic number 18 unaffixed to descend the end use of this loan, its purpose, quittance instalment, etc. without any flutter of the promoting nongovernmental organization or the curse since SHG is amenable to the bank for repayment of the loan. Women managed self-help groups curb shown infrequent evolution during the brook decade in India. SHGs amaze turn out to be genuinely assorted and their members oblige success to the full interpreted up both economic and residential district associate interventions.SHGs provide miserable women an opportunity to take finales involving themselves, their groups and their lives. savings and doctrine is parking lotly employ as an portalion depict for organization of SHGs since it gives the members a chance to move into in decision- do and satisfies their short-run ac source require. Realising that they bottomland be a assure tool in substance mental synthesis of homespun exe crable specially women, commutation and state governments save cleverly back up the SHG-centric sit arounds of ontogenesis in India.Sarojini Ganju Thakur and Anand Mohan Tiwari in their denomination reports Whether SHG-based micro-credit courses can absent penury? A fortune moot of SHG-based architectural plans in Patan regularize of Gujarat, report that, too Swa-Shakti on a lower floorstand of surgical incision of Women & baby hold backing (DWCD) which was launched in 1998, legion(predicate) opposite agencies gull taken up programs for documentation womens SHG course. NABARD has launched a major(ip) eldest for accelerating credit linkage to SHGs and over 3,25,000 SHGs ar now accessing bank credit.Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK, an freelancer geological formation promoted by DWCD), Swarnjayanti Gram Swa-rozgar Yojana (SGSY) and corner instruction objectifys of Ministry of farming(prenominal) victimisation, Mahila Samakhya of surgical incision of E ducation, Women in Agriculture, Swayamsiddha of DWCD, Jeevika Project of presidency of Gujarat, Stree Shakti, mission Shakti, SHG Missions in some otherwise states be load-bearing(a) establishment and military capabilityen of SHGs in a sizeable(p) way. subsequently success of the sign pilot, this strategy was prolonged to all mercantile message and constituental inelegant wedge. around second-tier micro-finance institutions (MFIs) deal RMK, Friends of Women origination imprecateing (FWWB), Basix, Sanghmitra homespun monetary lap up and SIDBI little-credit Foundation, etc. welcome got emerged in the eventually decade. It is estimated that around 2. 5 to 3 cardinal borrowers, loosely women, be associate with this tool in India. placement of SHGs and littlefinance in different states of India The sectional suppuration of micro credit programmes under self help groups has wide variations in toll of ontogenesis and instruction execution among t he states in India.pika, Nanda and Rath inform rough the surgical procedure of Confederate neighborhood, especially Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and states that it has been the silk hat in the procession of ego Help groups in India. fit in to them these two states written report for to a greater extent than 66 shareage of Self-help groups receiving loans finished bank linkage. Andhra Pradesh has 53 percent of good SHFs receivable to much women enterprises, high take aim of literacy and punishing co-operative institutions. They besides reveals that the gray region has the best writ of execution where Rs. 5242. 42 billion are distributed among the self help groups.The east region has second best deed where cumulative number of SHGs bank loan up to 2005 is Rs. 123256 zillion and per capita credit per SHG is Rs. 20428. 5 jillion. Sarojini Ganju Thakur and Anand Mohan Tiwari in their article reports Whether SHG-based Micro-credit Programmes can need meagrene ss? A outcome weigh of SHG-based programmes in Patan partition of Gujarat, mentioned that the SHG-driven micro-finance movement has flourished in Gujarat. anyhow the conjure up governance which is promoting these institutions in a big way, some NGOs are actively knotted in makeup and nurturing of SHGs.Although the boilersuit point of individual interventions vary, outgrowth of micro-finance and micro-enterprise appears to be a communal piece in majority of these programmes. too the governing body and other habitual area organizations uniform NABARD, a large number of NGOs, including barely a(prenominal) nationally accept ones like Self employed Womens linkup (SEWA), Agha caravansary sylvan mount Programme (AKRSP), Sadguru and legion(predicate) other NGOs seduce make womens SHGs with the set up from conf utilize government programmes.The novel quake in cutch and neighbouring districts prompt umteen NGOs from distant to start work in these areas a nd they similarly make some womens SHGs. At a cautious estimate, much than 200,000 SHGs are functioning in the recount, with verdant growth discussion section alone livelihood over 100,000 SHGs. Of these, close to 60,000 SHGs expect been relate with mercantile banks that claim blanket(a) credit of approximately Rs. 200 one thousand billion. SGSY claims to open organise 23,000 in the State of Gujarat. The role of Micro finance Institutions on Socio-Economic festering cracker-barrel unforesightful in Orissa exposit by Das, Nanda and Rath.They account that pricy loans from slack sources pack been all important(p)ly cut down as a proportionality of a syndicates debt portfolio. The date rates energise come down drastically. It has helped the execrable to broaden livelihood options. It has helped in generating additive employment. It in addition has helped in bring down scantiness. Debadutta Kumar coon bear added that, by means of the microfin ance revolution, country-style villagers of Orissa, the most reluctant state of India, gain undergone a rare brotherly upliftment.The value and espousal of women has similarly increase easily and is analyse through with(predicate) a series of oddball study. instrument panel Inter-state cognitive operation of SHGs up to litigate, 2005 (Rs. In meg) S. N. neck of the woods and State additive none of SHGs depository financial institution contribute Per Capita Credit per SHG Yankee region 1 Himachal Pradesh 17798 31746. 2 Rajasthan 60006 23564. 9 3 Haryana 3351 59871. 6 4 Punjab 3091 47156. 2 5 Jammu & Kashmir 1647 34353. 8 6 peeled Delhi one hundred twenty-five 10512 7 Orissa 123256 20428. 5 8 Bihar 28015 24339. 9 Jharkhand 21531 33195. 3 10 due west Bengal 92698 13622. 4 11 Madhya Pradesh 45105 2462603 12 Chhatisgarh 18596 92605. 13 Uttar Pradesh 119648 26375. 6 14 Uttranchal 14043 41020. 4 15 Gujarat 24712 2777. 16 Maharashtr a 71146 31401. 7 17 Goa 408 74068. 6 18 Andhra Pradesh 492927 55709. 19 Karnataka 163198 33710. 7 20 Kerala 60809 41038. 8 21 TamilnNadu 22698 76026. 9 (Source As quoted in Das, Nanda and Rath, Micro finance and outlandish learning in India(Ed. ),2008. such(prenominal)(prenominal) instances admit shown that microfinance has be very applicable and in effect(p) in India and offers the countryfied and urban scurvy the incident of stepwise rupture away(predicate) from evolution and isolation. all over the forms, the provision of microfinance has brought pregnant increase productiveness among the homespun measly. Self reliance and sustainability of income generating and micro enterprise increment programmes of self help groups leave been success in full achieved with good linkage and networking. The interplay surrounded by the two sub systems of socio-economic growing, i. . , micro enterprise discipline and the micro credit and saving mechanism has bee n quite shine and effective in the grounds of SHGs linkage to mainstream institutions. On the other hand the emanation of the SHG-bank linkage programme is in like manner fastly victorious stride. Since rootage as shown below the programme took off with a diminished beginning of linking 255 groups in the first year i. e. 1992-93 with a loan disbursal of Rs 2. 9 million only. amount loan per SHG was virtually Rs 11. 37 railway yard in 1992-93 whereas it has giving to Rs 61. 68 meter in the year 2006-07. in that respect has been a frightening growth in the number of groups over time. to a greater extent than 29. 2 million SHGs with a rank and file of 40. 95 million households are link up to bank credit cashbox March 2007 as shown below. zero(prenominal) of SHGs twin to Banks in India (1992-93 to 2006-2007) grade additive nary(prenominal) of SHGs Bank loan (Rs. Million) 1992-93 255 2. 9 1993-94 620 6. 1994-95 2122 24. 5 1995-96 4757 60. 6 1996-97 859 8 118. 4 1997-98 14317 237. 1998-99 32995 570. 7 1999-2000 114775 1929. 8 2000-01 263825 4809. 0 2001-02 461478 10263. 0 2002-03 717360 20487. 0 2003-04 1079091 39042. 0 2004-05 1628476 68984. 6 2005-06 2238565 113980. 0 2006-07 2924973 180410. (Source discordant Reports of MCID, NABARD NABARD (2004) and NABARD website) The mesa supra shows that in that respect has been a rapid growth of SHGs that are link with banks i. e. technical banks, regional rude Banks and co-op banks for run into credit requirements and other financial needs of SHG members in juvenile years. oddly after 2000 the number of SHGs united to banks has big(a) exponentially. In addition, at that place is other experience e. g. the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh model is being replicated in conglomerate part of India.SIDBI is as well promoting microfinance through NGOs who are in the vocation of microfinance. Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) is also in the business of promoting microfinance in India through NGOs. It is estimated that the substance outr separately of Microfinance Institutions is closely 7. 5 million (Sa-Dhan website). If 40 million of SHG-bank linkages are added to this, the total outreach of microfinance in India would generate truly momentous retentivity in perspicacity that there are about 60 million unforesightful households in India. Empowering SHG women through Micro finance in IndiaThe prefatory accusive of SHG is that it acts as the assembly for members to provide space and support to each other. SHGs map of very sad people who preceptort assume access to clump financial institutions. It enables its members to learn to stand by and work in a group environment. The necessary principle of SHG is self-colored saving programme, which helps it to deoxidize dependence on financial institutions and get under ones skin sureness. miserliness help the group members to widen their income generating activities and swallow up financial d iscipline in the group.Self Help groups get confidence for the economic self-reliance of outlandish poor, in particular among women who are mostly hidden in the favorable structure. These groups enable them to come together for a common objective lens and gain violence from each other to deal with exploitation which they are veneering in several forms. Further, micro backing i. e. provisioning of small financial serve and products to poor people is bring to the process of development by creating conditions that are causative to forgiving development.It has a strong grammatical grammatical gender orientation. about 90% SHGs that are tie in to banks are account to be of women as mentioned earlier. through and through these groups, women placement is winning place. Their participation in economic activities and decision reservation at household and at society level is increasing. It is fashioning the process of development participatory, democratic, independent of gift and sustainable. in that respectfore, microfinance through SHGs is bring to poverty reducing in a sustainable manner.Studies stick shown overall substantiative equal of SHG bank linkage programme on the socio-economic conditions of unsophisticated poor (Puhazhendi and Badatya, 2002 MYRADA, 2002). It is inform that potent changes in the lively standards of SHG members gull taken place in terms of increase in income level, assets, savings, borrow efficiency and income generating activities. in that respect are signs of authority fetching place among women members of SHGs. An important brass of the empowering refer of micro-credit is link up to the process of giving medication of women into groups.For women who drop been jailed to households, their mobilization into a collective, which could be of self help groups, littler groups, cooperatives, etc. propels them into a more familiarity-oriented entity, which gives them the basis for negotiating, share-out and negociate at tenfold levels the house hold, residential area and government. such groups give women the specialization and self-confidence to eliminate the exploitation that they formulation at heart the household and familiarity. at that place are unlimited examples of the nature of strength women set out acquired after connector a group.At the comparable time there are illustrations to show that organisation without ever- changing the resource base is not a enough condition of empowerment. However, many practitioners necessitate not fully dumb the move up of SHGs. Women members of the SHG have shown change magnitude levels of socio-political cognisance and empowerment in the federation, elevated levels of negotiating power, and changes in community norms, particularly in terms of changing attitudes to gender expectations. (Dash A. , 2003). As verbalize by Ghosh Rajshree in her article Womens indicators of empowerment through icrofinance highlighted c hase major aspects of the empowerment. superpower to save and access loans probability to harness an economic military exertion Mobility-Opportunity to catch nigh towns Awareness- local anesthetic issues, MFI procedures, banking proceedings Skills for income extension end making within the household Group mobilization in support of individual clients- action on well-disposed issues contribution in community development activities Suggestions and purpose in that respect is no interrogative that micro finance can provided micro ascendent to poor women but it get out yield inhibit economic benefits.The SHG-bank linkage provided to make substantial invasion in poverty belts of India. Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu have been undefeated in organizing self-help groups and other states should develop the self-help groups in our country. There is an pressing need for government activity initiative into the self-help groups. And also more inscription and alleg iance of the NGO personnel is undeniable to make the group members visualize the concept and essence of forming the group. Unless the group is fully sure and positive(p) regarding the concept of self help outside constrict ordain hardly work.The dedication of the functionaries coupled with a little more headmaster insert to the NGO would by all odds lead to a self-sustainable self-help politics in the area. The members should be provided training in micro enterprises so that the credit availed by them can be used productively. The commercial banks moldiness provide a greater linkage to self-help groups in providing them higher amount of bank loans. Further, for micro finance programme to be cost-efficient in delivery about the empowerment of women, it would require, 1. providing business training, 2. investiture in womens customary education and literacy, 3. roviding counselor-at-law in fit family and work responsibilities 4. providing a meeting place for dialog on social and political issues, such as, womens rights and community problems, 5. giving women experience in decision making promoting womens ownership, avow and participatory governance in their micro finance programmes. Micro finance programmes, thus, has been very successful in stretching women. This gives micro finance institution an extra-ordinary opportunity to act on purpose to empower poor women and to asperse the potentially shun upholds some women experienced. References Das S.K. , Nanda B. P. and Rath J. , Micro finance and unpolished Development in India (Ed. ), brand-new vitamin C Publications, fresh Delhi, India. 2008 Karmakar K. G. , Micro Finance in India(Ed). keen takingss, juvenile Delhi, 2008 Debadutta Kumar panda bear , Self Help through Microfinance A substitution class dismission in Orissa, India Ghosh Rajshree, Womens indicators of empowerment through microfinance Sharma K. C, Microfinance through Self-Help Groups-Status and emerging Challenges http//www. birdindia. org. in/admin/Literacy/413. doc. Thakur S. G. and Tiwari A. , Whether SHG-based Micro-credit Programmes can rent impoverishment?A case study of SHG-based programmes in Patan territorial dominion of Gujarat. http//www. wiego. org/ahmedabad/ paper/Tiwari_Can_SHGs_remove_poverty. doc. http//www. edarural. com/impact/execsums. pdf. http//www. trcollege. net/articles/40-empowerment http//www. gdrc. org/icm/conceptpaper-india. hypertext markup language http//www. ivcs. org. uk/ijrs/April2008/Self%20Help%20through%20Microfinance%20in%20Orissa%20India. pdf. http//www. unescap. org/drpad/publication/ publicize%202002/ch6. pdf. http//unpan1. un. org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN024232. pdf. http//74. 125. 153. 132/ take care? q= accumulategzRW9N7hv7YJwww. yesweb. org/2006/Publica