We Are Our Mothers Daughters Essays (379 words) - Cokie Roberts

We Are Our Mothers Daughters News correspondent Cokie Roberts, author of a meaningful book titled We are Our Mothers' Daughters, published in 1998, call number 001-170, discusses significant issues facing women today in her book. She takes her readers on a personal and political journey, exploring the diverse roles women have played throughout American history and the connections and distinctions among different generations of women. On a personal level, each essay is an introduction to several of the fascination women Roberts has encountered during the course of her reporting career; she also relates powerful and moving life stories about the women in her life, like her mother former Congresswoman Lindy Boggs. Roberts style is unique. Roberts takes you through intimate stories of extraordinary women; these women become the beginning for more extensive discussions of women's position in politics, business, motherhood, and marriage, as well as other issues. Roberts examines the nature of women's roles, from mother to mechanic, sister to soldier, from her personal experience. Roberts is very sincere to her feelings in her writing in this book. I felt just as she was happy or sad. She begins her writing with the intense story of her sister, whom dies from cancer at a young age. The story of her mothers life as a politician next. Roberts also, wrote about an aunt of hers, a soldier, mechanic, friend, reporter, civil rights activist, wife, and an enterpriser. She concludes her book by her last chapter titled A Women's Place. She discusses all the important roles of the women she wrote about and how they tie together. A women's place is everywhere and anywhere in today's world. She worked her writing by writing about the women that were close to her and extended from there to other fascinating women she encountered in her career. Roberts dedicated a chapter to each women she wrote about. This book from my view is sensitive, strait forward, and perceptive. It also shows such a diversity of choices and perspectives available to women today and greatly affirms the bond of females powerful inter connection among all women, whatever their background. I would suggest anyone interested in where a women belong and the history of women should read this selection. It's just one of those bookes, where from start to end you might cry or laugh. I garuntee when you begin to read, you will not want to stop till you have read the entire book.

Differences Between Founding a Company in the US and in Europe

Differences Between Founding a Company in the US and in Europe There are definitely marked differences between founding a company in the US and Europe especially in regards to venture capital. To begin with, it is worth to explore the background knowledge on the application of the term ‘venture capital’.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Differences Between Founding a Company in the US and in Europe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Companies that are in their start up stages often require significant monetary boost so that they can pick up and be competitive like those that are already fully established. On the same note, the high-risk and high potential firms that are still in the early stages of development demand financial investment in form of venture capital. Money is generated by the capital fund by acquiring the ownership of equities in various firms that have been contracted for investment purposes. Most of the contracted firms that often benefit from the vent ure capital include software, IT and biotechnology companies. These types of industries have reputable business models and are also quite competitive in the market. There are myriads of innovative companies that continue to rely on the venture capital as their key source of funding both the new and old projects. This new trend in the adoption of venture capital is common both in the United States and the rest of the developed world. In the event that entrepreneurs are not in a position to obtain funding from other sources, the venture capital provides the much needed start up fund for expanding business operations to new markets. In addition, venture capital can be acquired and used by entrepreneurs even before the actual businesses are fully established. This is in sharp contrast with other sources of business founding that often demand adequately established business platforms. This paper explores the differences between founding a company or business entity in the United States a nd Europe.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although there are myriads of similarities in the acquisition and use of venture capital in the US and Europe, there are also outstanding differences between the two economic blocs. For instance, the manner in which convertible resources are handled appear to be completely different. Other notable differences include deal syndication, exist stage duration, stage financing, and the replacement of past management teams are equally worth considering. However, the application of convertible resources is the most outstanding difference bearing in mind that it is used three times more often in the Unites States compared to the European venture capitalists. Stage Financing Founding a company either in the United States or Europe has its own technical and monetary challenges since both locations are well versed with competitive fi rms that are also well established. Nonetheless, venture capitalists have the ability to retain certain possibilities of premature financing of a venture. This can be achieved by staging the financing in a progressive manner. Finances are thus availed for the entrepreneur in order to cater for funding needs of a particular stage of a company. Hence, the venture capitalist is given the choice of doing away with the venture at any given stage of development of a company. However, it is vital to note that the active involvement of the venture capitalist does not necessarily affect the value obtained from stage financing. Hence, the value that is created usually emerges from the additional business incentives that are put in place in the process of starting up a company. The geographical preference to invest in particular regions is also evident among various entrepreneurs who start companies both in the United States and Europe. However, it is generally easier to acquire venture capita l in most European states compared to the United States.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Differences Between Founding a Company in the US and in Europe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This explains why founding a company in Europe would be a lot easier than in the United States. However, there are other myriads of factors that should be brought on board before embarking on a conclusive review why entrepreneurs would prefer one region to another. The role played by affiliations is yet another important difference when founding a company in the United States and Europe. For instance, there is a close relationship or affiliation between venture capitalists and non financial corporations in Europe than the United States. In addition, the European venture capital investment at the initial stages of development is also known to be smaller in intensity than those of the US counterparts. Hence, the US entrepreneurs seem to enjoy wide benefits when it comes to the issue of economies of scale among newly started companies. On the other hand, the buyout experience is completely different and opposite when the two regions are compared against each other. The latter can be described by the fact that the manner in which venture capital is defined in both regions is different. The exit stage period is also a significant difference between the United States and European entrepreneurs. Other differences that will be reviewed in this paper include syndication, replacement of past management teams and the CS use. These differences are mainly evident because most venture capitalists in the European markets often encounter minimal liquid marketing environments compared to their counterparts in the United States. This can also be further explained in terms of the entry and exit of human resource power that dominates the labor market at any given time. Hence, this scenario has compelled most entrepreneurs in Europe who found companies to take a long time when selling their share capitals. As a result, it makes it quite cumbersome to replace the major labor force that is needed in the newly started companies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The tax and legal requirements when acquiring the venture capital are also another vital consideration to put in place due to the great propensity to invest from one region to another. Liquidations are extremely costly in Europe because they take a longer period of time than in the United States. Most entrepreneurs who start up companies in Europe tend to waste a lot of financial resources due to the delay time before they can eventually invest appropriately. This trend definitely lowers the liquidation value. However, it is vital to mention that the mean value of the financial rounds is almost the same between the United States and European countries. In spite of the presence of such similarities, founding a company in either the United States or the European economic bloc has its own merits and demerits. The latter can best be accounted through the existing differences especially when seeking venture capital. Hence, it is necessary to discuss dominant seminaries at some point if a balanced view of the topic is to be attained. It is also understood that the use of convertible securities in the process of acquiring venture capital also demonstrates a marked difference between the United States and European markets. For instance, the use of convertible securities is three times greater in the United States than among the European entrepreneurs who start up companies. Although this finding may prove to be quite surprising, it clearly indicates that the use of convertible securities is limited to certain regions due to their unique attributes that tend to favor some regions against others. In other words, convertible securities are not favorable for all entrepreneurs who may need venture capital to start up their companies. The contract is not sophisticated in most of the European markets. On the same note, the Canadian market also lacks major sophistications. This explains why there is a difference in the adoption of convertible scurrilities in both of these two regions. The fact that the United States market is already complex in nature, it makes it necessary to use such securities when acquiring venture capital. Another possible reason for this difference is the fact that most entrepreneurs in the United States can easily obtain tax advantages compared to those in the European marketing bloc. Lack of major tax advantages in Europe has been significant drawback since it hinders easy acquisition of the much need venture capital. The venture capital companies in the United States and European countries also have varying types of management and organizational structures that significantly account for the difference in the use of convertible securities. It is worth to mention that different organizational structures have unique goals and objectives. Therefore, the manner in which various organizations may use convertible securities is completely different. In any case, there are organizational structures that may not need convertible securiti es during start ups. In addition, common shares may be preferred by venture capitalists over preferred shares especially if the exit requirements are of less significance than issues regarding control. The venture capital firms have lower affiliations in the United States market than the European market mainly due to the varying organizational structures that exist between these two regional economic blocs. Another emerging difference between founding a company in the United States and Europe is evident in the manner in which syndication is carried out. It is without doubt that the United States experiences more incidents of syndication than Europe. On the same note, the United States has a higher mean size of syndicates than countries located in Europe. This implies that the level of syndication in both geographical regions is a key determining factor when exploring the ease with which a company can be founded. Nevertheless, syndication is relevant in both the US and Europe since i t has a remarkable influence in the manner in which venture capital can be acquired by companies that are still young and in the startup stages. Although the overall level of syndication is higher in the United States than in European countries, it has been established that most of the European countries often experience higher levels syndication with colleagues at the regional level. This is not the same case with individual states in the United States. Moreover, government partners in the European bloc also experience higher levels of syndication among themselves thereby making it easy for companies that are being started to acquire venture capital. In particular, governmental partners in the European bloc provide a legal and well monitored environment through which entrepreneurs wishing to start companies can easily establish themselves in a smooth and least complicated manner. The issue on syndication is also bolstered by the argument that the European markets are not very much developed and are also less liquid compared to that of the United States. Hence, when seeking for a potential buyer, it is obvious that the pool of available contacts is increased by syndication. The age of venture capital firms is also another vital and interesting distinction that can be made between founding companies in the United States and Europe. For instance, the European venture capital market is believed to have had its threshold way back in 1997. Although the aforementioned year is relatively young, it marked an important era in the evolution of the venture capital market in Europe. This was the year when the venture capital market in Europe was marked with intense inflows of capital resources. This marked increase in terms of the venture capital investments in Europe was also experienced in the United States. However, the two regions experienced an increase in venture capital at different times altogether. In addition, the intensities of capital flows were completely dif ferent. The young and well established firms in the United States and Europe also demonstrate marked difference in terms of their venture capitals. Most developed and old firms in the United States find it easy to acquire additional venture capital in order to expand their operations. Hence, it is quite easy for old firms to start up other subsidiary companies compared to most old firms located in the European region. However, there is some form of convergence between the European and the United States industry. The age of the venture capital companies is also closely linked to the use of convertible securities in the process of acquiring venture capital needed to start up companies. It is generally noticeable that younger venture capital firms are more aggressive in investing during the initial stages of a firm The Level of Activity Most empirical research studies have confirmed that most venture capital fims in Europe are not very active. For instance, they are known to use conver tible securities less often than their counterparts in the United States. If it is indeed true that the European venture capital firms are quite dormant, then an investor would opt to invest in an intensely active market like in the United States. The latter guarantees huge and significant flow in capital flows within a relatively short period. For companies that target to reach a wider market with large consumer base, then it is advisable to seek venture capital in the US market. Moreover, the venture capital firms in the European markets do not syndicate their deals quite often. Hence, starting a company in any European market will imply that the company will benefit only from the local partnerships and miss out on the external levels of syndicates. On the same note, founding a company in the European market implies that the firm will have extended round durations. The multivariate setting shows the overall benefits and demerits of investing in Europe and the United States althoug h issues such as replacing the past management teams do not feature at the aforementioned level. Since the European markets have proven to be less liquid, companies that are founded in this region are highly likely to encounter stagnated growth especially if the set objectives are to be met in the short term. The latter scenario is equally worsened by the fact there are no adequate hands-on entrepreneurs in the European market compared to the markets in North America. There are standard incorporation procedures that entrepreneurs may use to start up companies in the United States. Each state has its own legislative measures that must be followed by investors wishing to start companies or venture capital firms in the United States. The reason why incorporating is important is because individual assets are safeguarded from civil liability. It is also worth to mention that the individual shareholders of an incorporated company are treated as separate entities from the corporation. Ther efore, the corporation bears its own tax identification number, responsibilities and liabilities. The choice of a business entity is also another important hurdle to go through when starting up a company in the United States. It is vital to explores the various business options and cost implications of starting any type of business. For instance, the creation of the Limited Liability Companies is not permitted by some states in the US. Therefore, it is necessary to seek help and further guidance for the United States accountant and attorney. In addition, there are associated fees and taxes that are usually paid to the respective states where a company is being started. These fees may sometimes interfere with the capped amount that has been set aside for venture capital. Additional, if the company to be founded will be dealing with exporting products, then it must adhere to the rules and regulations that have been set by the United States Department of state. It works closely with th e departments of defense and commerce. There are many would-be entrepreneurs who are usually discouraged by the many hurdles of setting up companies in Europe. There are myriads of complex procedures that are equally costly that work against entrepreneurs who are eager to invest in Europe. As already mentioned, most of the European markets are still dormant in terms of accessing venture capital needed to roll down new investment ventures. Hence, some entrepreneurs are finding it more advisable to form mergers with other companies in Europe than working alone in setting up new establishments. This approach has been found to be relatively cost effective and also cuts down the risk level that a new business entity has to face upon establishment. To recap it all, it is vital to reiterate that there are myriads of differences between founding a company in the United States and Europe. However, this paper has exclusively explored the topic based on the ease of accessing venture capital in both geographical regions. Some of the key indicators that have been used to discuss the topic include the level of syndication, convertible securities, replacement of past management teams, the age of firms and activity levels of both the United States and European markets. Although both regions have experienced massive growth in the venture capital market in the last two decades or so, it is evident from the discussion that the United States still remains as a more dominant, potential and extremely active capital venture market. The latter argument is attributed to the fact that the European market has not evolved fully in terms of the capital flows in the venture capital market.

Balanced Scorecard Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Balanced Scorecard Implementation - Essay Example Secondly the study has discovered the existence of a negative correlation between the four elements - financial, customer, internal business processes and, learning and growth - of the BSC framework and effective development and integration of information systems as determined by costs. Thus this study is particularly influenced by the relevance or irrelevance of establishing a contingency convergent/divergent theoretical and conceptual model on the relative significance of the existing frameworks for analysis of the BSC framework and ERP environment related endogenous and exogenous variables that have a primary and an immediate impact on learning outcomes such as the need for flexible and cost-effective information systems. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) environment of the modern business organization is determined by three fundamental characteristics. They are material requirements planning (MRP), Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) and digital information systems (DIS) (Esteves, & Pastor, J2001). Thus the ERP environment of the business organization is all about information systems and their design and implementation by using the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) framework. The BSC framework on the other hand consists of four distinct but integral elements, i.e. financial management, customer related perspectives, internal business processes and, learning and growth (Kalpan & Norton 1992). In order for the organization to successfully adopt measures related to BSC performance, the organization would have to adopt ERP measures simultaneously so that the former can be more effective. For instance ERP environment has comparative advantages directly related to BSC framework. Organizations that adopt BSC f ramework as a strategic measure to achieve positive organizational outcomes are compelled to adopt comparatively better MRP, CIM and/or DIS policies. This is determined by competition.Thus the internal corporate environment of the organization is extensively determined by the BSC framework because the above constraint/advantage has a direct impact on the four main elements and their respective sub-elements in the BSC framework. This in turn can be assumed to present a structural and componential framework for reference in establishing a set of paradigms or standards in the examination of ERP systems for effective adoption of information systems in the organization. The consistent need for such effective and flexible information systems and sub-structures thereof has been emphasized time and again by researchers and analysts thus focusing attention on the far reaching consequences of design and implementation of such information systems. The organizational setting requires such ERP m easures to be evaluated in advance for their degree of convergence

Waste Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Waste - Assignment Example ghts the environmental effects caused by extensive use of plastic bags, possible proposed plans of eliminating their use and economic impacts of implementing these plans as well as the financial aspect. Plastic bags pose dangers to animals. Notably, this occurs when plastic bags find their ways into their feeding areas, and mistake them for food especially when residues are present in the bag. Death results in the event of swallowing (Hope, 1998). Secondly, extensive use of these bags causes litter problems, thereby reducing aesthetic value of our environment (Hester and Harrison, 2002). In conclusion, retailers give carryout plastic bags to buyers at no cost. However, they purchase plastic bags at a particular cost spending much more than the cost of operation. Implementation of my proposed plans ensures that retailers save the collected fees to buy a unit of plastic bag than that of paper (Cheremisinoff,

Corporate Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Corporate Accounting - Essay Example However, in 2013, another company was added to the list of subsidiaries. The reason for conducting the activities under different subsidiaries is to be able to allocate and utilize the resources properly. In addition to that, the company can target the market according to the products and services offered through the subsidiaries. The company can also monitor and evaluate financial performances of the subsidiaries distinctively. Moreover, with the activities distributed under different subsidiaries, the company is able to manage the operations throughout horizontal chain of authority. Had the company conducted all the activities under a single entity, it would have rendered the whole business process extremely complex. 5. No, minority or non-controlling interests have not been reported within Brickworks Limited’s balance sheet or income statement. This is precisely because minority interest is only recorded in case of ownership level of less than 50%. However, in case of Brickworks Limited, it has 100% and 50% ownership over its subsidiaries (Phillips, Libby and Libby, 2011). 6. Minority interest or non-controlling interest can generally be found under the non-current liabilities section of a company’s balance sheet. It represents a parent company’s ownership level of less than 50% over its subsidiaries. 7. Since Brickworks Limited does not have non-controlling or minority interests recorded in its financial statements, I have identified another company that has been assigned to my colleague. The company has minority interest recorded in its financial statements. I had a thorough discussion with my colleague regarding non-controlling interest. The discussion revealed that a non-controlling interest is a position that a particular entity holds over another company which does not give him any power to influence the way the held company is to be managed. This means that their ownership level is considerable insignificant, compared to the total number

Contemporary Theories of Crime

Contemporary Theories of Crime According to the history and development of the criminological theory, the knowledge of crime theory has a tendency to include the past criminological theory that has been developed before. For example the labeling theory has a great influence from Chicago school, Durkheim theory and concepts, and symbolic interactionism (Plummer) Theory has the particularity of being the subject of constant renewal, like most of the knowledge in our society. One way of expressing this characteristic is by Thomas Kuhn in his book: structure of scientific revolutions. What he express in his theory is how the knowledge considered as â€Å"normal science†, is in a continuum spiral, according to how theory explains reality inside the framework of paradigms. Once these paradigms reach a point in which they cannot explain reality, normal science reach the point of a crisis. To explain this crisis the paradigms of the normal science must change, summarizing what is usable by the anterior normal scien ce and adding the new knowledge in form of paradigms that explains reality (Kuhn). This is exactly what happens with criminological theory, but still, besides all the progress theory has done, crime is still something hard to attach to a whole theory, and the combination of theory perspectives seems to be the most viable way to express the phenomenon of crime. On the contemporary criminological theory, one the perspectives that has a good approach to the actual context of crime is labeling theory. The labeling theory refers to the attachment of labels to a specific person in society according to the role he has on it. For example someone who commits a crime is recognized by the group of people around him as a criminal. But is not only the person who commits a crime, someone who is accused of committing a crime, doesn’t necessarily have committed that crime, but still he gets the label. Labeling theory refers to the identity that other people confer to one person. This identity is expressed as a label. The labels are stigmas inside society[1] that people must carry. This leads to the other part of the theory. Labeling theory, besides confer a stigma to the members of a society, also tries to explain another aspect of criminological behavior by opening the possibility of change in criminal behavior[2]. The stigma is hard to remove, but this theory proposes a way of reintegrating the members considered abnormal[3]: shaming is the process in which the person submit himself to a treatment or circumstance in which he resigns socially to crime, allowing him to reintegrate to society as a normal subject. The support of this theory is that bring an enormous quantity of material observation in other aspects of society, providing and using the concepts that society uses to determine the subjects inside it. For example the use of labels that are not only related to crime. Another contemporary theory with a wide perspective and more accurately related to actual crime is the environmental theory. This theory has a very situational approach to crime, because it is based on the characteristics that a special place must have for crime to be something executed. Crime occurs within the intersection of a space, time, a motivated offender, an attractive target, and lack of guardianship (Francis T. Cullen). The approach of this situational context has also the inclusion into theory of the daily activities of society, demarking the situation and the possibility of decrease crime by nullifying the situations in which crime can be committed, according to the routine people has. This theory has an opening to set crime as something different from the theories used before the 60’s. The possibility of seeing crime as something that may happen in every context, changes the relations of a stigmatized person to a situational expression of crime. Crime becomes the main subject of study, not the context[4] or the person who commit crime. When in this theory it is said that the focus is on crime, still a lot of concepts and ideas are part of the theory. For instance, the influences of Chicago school of mapping and characterizing crime zones. One contemporary expression of the applications of this theory is the broken windows theory[5]. The third analyzed theory in this text is the Developmental theory. This theory proposes the approach on how crime is explained by the whole history of one subject, group, and society. Crime is attached to every life expression that has happened since birth. Having a research of the main aspects of one person’s life, the individual expression and social values get mixed as the theoretical approach explains crime. This mixture of social and individual behavior is what allows this theory to be one of the most wider and contemporary (Paris). This theory is most applied to young people[6] and it takes into account the perception of the people who commits crime and the people who are victims of a crime. As other contemporary theories, there is possibility of change in the criminological behavior, allowing the criminal to be a normal individual. Some authors explain three ways in which this theory is applied to specific situations. The first one is the continuity of behavior in life course. The second one is that life course behavior might change or continue during time and on its characteristics. And the third one is that the life course behavior continues and changes. This theory is a multiple perspective to analyze crime, by studying the things to take into account to set an idea of how crime develops inside society by the life course of individuals, making a reciprocal analysis of the individuality and collectivity. All together These three theories provide a wide range of analysis, if the three of them are put together there are a lot of factor that would be covered by these theories. Still is not like just mixing the three theories. Each theory has a valid point and perspective to take into account. For example, the developmental theory takes into account the life course, which is an abstraction of the material and real life of the people. It is really a manifestation of the influence of all the material aspects under the mirror of time. This approach is quite accurate to study specific phenomenon because the analysis is deeper in context and it show the influences of society altogether with the individual tendencies. The approach of this theory at certain ages is what restrains this theory to be used. Because of its focuses on age, their analysis perspective loses weight when it is tried to be used in studying different groups, and in the theory itself. This loss of weight is because one of the main cores of this theory is the social development related to biological development. One of the tendencies of these three theories is to provide an option to explain how crime can be changed. Proposing a solution, like the shaming theory[7], or proposing new safety procedures to secure the environment. All these three theories keep the opportunity of becoming a normal[8] citizen or member of a society. Still, besides of the solutions proposed, the praxis of a theory can be very different from what the expectations are. One of the characteristics of these theories, is that are short in context matters. This means that theoretical explanations are only based as maximum to a nation level[9], provoking that many of the structural and contextual representations in politics, economics, culture, education, etc., in the world, cannot be part of the theoretical analysis. But still these representations have their manifestations even in small communities. This is impossible to not take into account macro-tendencies, but it is possible just to focus in micro-tendencies, even if this does not explain a complete context. Labeling theory, as the developmental theory, is not a completely sentence of explanation, but the analysis perspective that is valuable of this perspective is precisely the idea of a label. With the consent or without it, people always make judgments and make labels to identify other people, and to be identified among society as an individual. What criminological theory does is to focus on the labels related to crime. This is a much attached way in which theory explains reality with constructions of reality from society. One of the characteristics of this theory is also that label is just a value granted for the people participant in society, and because of that, according to the social capital[10] and possibilities of change that people have, they might change their label at will. Another fact of this theory, but no so attached to social reality is one of the manifestations of this theory, because of the idea of shaming, not because is not possible, but because is sometimes a motor to commit more crimes in certain contexts. The environmental theory has the possibility of treating crime as a situation with a specific context and circumstances that must be accomplish for the crime to be committed. The focus on the crime as a main subject allows this theory to be the bond for the combination of the other three theories, increasing the possibility of explanation and praxis that these theory have in total. These theoretical perspectives allow taking into account the elements of developmental theory, and use them together in the same explanations or theory. Of course in this conjunction of works, the aspects that restrain developmental theory must not be taken into account. The same goes for the labeling theory. Environmental theory has the possibility of being the connection between the individual perspective of crime in labeling and developmental theory, but at the same time it takes into account the idea of generality prescribed in both. Together with the perspective that environmental theory uses of situational context, crime becomes a definition with a lot of defined perspectives. Using the idea of label and the identity factor to set inside society, and as a representation to the outside society, the idea of crime explains one side of the individual behavior, by the representation that people has during a certain act. The environmental theory explains the event expressed as crime according to the material context in which people lives, but also making reference to another expression of behavioral crime conduct. Using some perspectives of the developmental theory, the factor explained before is part of a whole construction of life, providing a deeply analysis of a crime event, circumstance, conduct, behavior, context, social representation, and manifestation. Contexts and explanations The idea of the scientific revolutions explained at the beginning of the text, is to express one of the situation in which crime theory can be expressed more attached to explain reality. In case of the criminological theories, the perspectives are as many as a bunch. In the whole package of theories, the time has played a main role to develop each theory as the knowledge in crime situations and circumstances becomes wider. But there is a moment, and had happened before, that theory needs a new view and perspective. The citations and influences of the theories in the XIX are immersed in the theories of the XX, and now the contemporary theories are making improvements to explain by new paradigms the new circumstances that involve crime in our society. This, according to Kuhn’s idea, is the traditional process of making the scientific revolution. That is why is importance to pose a new circumstance that provokes a crisis in the criminological theory. Using these three theories may provide a great angle of perspective to analyze a concrete situation. But still the theories are short when it comes to practice. For example: the Mexican context. At first sight is a country like any other, but their main economic and political relations are with United States. The country has a first sight corruption; the police[11] are one of the main actors in these situations and are colluding with the narco[12]. The country is subject of constant violence, but the government is unable to solve the situation, because of the illegal trades and agreements that had surpassed the government power politically and economically. This is at macro-scale, but a micro-scale is almost the same, with the addition that is the poor people who gets involved in this violent context to have something to eat every day. So, how can these three theories make an approach to the context of Mexico? Evidently the crime is on one of the highest rates of Mexican history nowadays. But what is the work of the criminological theory when the established law steps aside and leaves the path to the everyday survival law? Criminological theory must be applied to the context in which it must[13]  be an explanation that requires a reaction from people. Criminological theory as it is right now, does not have the possibility of explaining the events that are happening in the world like Islamic State, Mexico’s violence, Ukraine war, and more. Criminological theory is being insufficient for the fast and changing environment in the world. The implications are every time wide in economy, politics, culture, etc. Using the actual theories to explain crime[14] may explain some aspects of reality, but recovering just the important aspects of each theory does not lead to a complete explanation and possibility of chang e of the real context. Being transdisciplinary is one of the new paradigms that criminological theory can use. Not closing the explanations of the criminal world to just the criminal theory. The possible revolution that criminology as a theoretical science can have is to be at the time of the context. References: Francis T. Cullen, Robert Agnew, Pamela Wilcox. Criminological theory: past to present. New York: Oxford university press, 2007. Kuhn, Thomas. Estructura de las recoluciones cientificas. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2006. Paris, Jessica. Environmental criminolgy and crime prevention. n.d. http://legacy.usfsm.edu/academics/cas/capstone/2010-2011/criminology/paris-environmental criminology intel led policing.pdf?from=404. 29 09 2014. Plummer, Ken. Labeling theory. University of Essex, United Kingdom, 29 09 2014. http://www.sjsu.edu/people/james.lee/courses/soci152/s1/ajreading10labeling.pdf . 27 09 2014. [1] According to the criminological theory, this is focused on crime. [2] This is an implication that this theory has when is applied to explain crime. The results vary, because of personal behavior, situations, and social strains. Even, instead of reducing crime, these implications can even increase it. [3] Those who are consider criminals. [4] This does not mean that context is not taken into account. [5] The maintaining and safety control of urban environments may be a big influence to stop crimes. [6] There is a graphic that represents the main ages in which crime occur that set the age of 10 as the beginning and 20 when the young people stop committing crime. [7] Emphasize on social punishment to provoke shame. It focuses on the behavior on the offender. [8] According to the establishments of what normal is, and also if crime is considered as something abnormal. [9] Contextually, this is a big spectrum, but the political tendencies, economics, society and culture, in which crime is a subject of constant representation, are bigger than the idea of a nation. [10] Explained deeply in â€Å"Two concepts of social capital: Bourdieu vs. Putnam† By Martti Siisiasen, Department of Philosophy, Trinity College, Dublin Ireland. From: http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.istr.org/resource/resmgr/working_papers_dublin/siisiainen.pdf [11] The public force that most stop the crime and apprehend the offenders. [12] Production and commerce of drugs, and traffic of people. [13] The using of this word emphasizes a moral reaction against crime. This must be included as a factor that may change according to the context. [14] Under the look of a moral conception of good and evil.

Disease in the News

The article Tuberculosis in Africa- Combating an HIV-Drive Crisis is written by a Dr. Richard E. Chaisson, a medical doctor and Dr. Neil A. Martinson, deputy director for the Perinatal HIV Research Unit at the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa (Chaisson and Martinson, 2008 ). According to the biography sketch of Dr. Chaisson listed at the website of CREATE (Consortium to Respond Effectively to the AIDS TB Epidemic), Dr.  Chaisson is a professor of Medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and is currently a director for the Center for Tuberculosis Research and the Clinical Preventive TB Services in Baltimore City Health Department (Consortium to Respond Effectively to the AIDS TB Epidemic 2008). He graduated summa cum laude from the University of Massachusetts and studied medicine from the University of Massachusetts Medical School in 1982 (2008). From then on, Chaisson interned at the University of California, interning at the Moffitt Hospital. (200 8).Previous to his current position at Johns Hopkins, Dr. Chaisson was the director for the AIDS Service of Johns Hopkins Hospital (2008). He also served as attending physician in the AIDS Division of The Medical Service in San Francisco General Hospital (2008). Likewise, he has written more than 50 case reports, peer and non-peer reviewed articles on topics concerning HIV and tuberculosis (2008). Needless to say, his educational and professional background [in tuberculosis and AIDS] make him a credible source for this article which focuses on tuberculosis and AIDS.On the other hand, Neil Martinson, as stated earlier, is a deputy director for the Perinatal HIV Research Unit at a university in South Africa (Chaisson and Martinson, 2008). Aside from his, Martinson is a Research Associate for the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, JHU Center for TB Research (Consortium to Respond Effectively to the AIDS TB Epidemic 2008). Martinson’s credential as listed from the CREATE website s tate that Martinson took up his bachelor’s degree from the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa, obtained his Membership of the Faculty of General Practitioners (MFGP) in College of Medicine in South Africa (2008).Furthermore, he completed his post- doctorate studies at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health (2008). Prior to his present position, Dr. Martinson served for the Johannesburg Community and the Johannesburg Urban Environmental Management (2008). He has since co-written peer-reviews research articles and non peer-reviewed publications on AIDS, focusing primarily of the South African health status (2008). While Dr. Chaisson’s fortes are tuberculosis and AIDS, Dr. Martinson’s strong points gear towards AIDS and South Africa.This makes Drs. Chaisson and Martinson credible in writing such article. Tuberculosis in Africa- Combating an HIV-Drive Crisis appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine on its Volume 358 (Chais son and Martinson 2008). The journal is a weekly medical journal publishing review articles and medical research findings on areas such as â€Å"immunology, cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, hematology, kidney disease, oncology, pulmonary disease, rheumatology, HIV and infectious diseases† (New England Journal of Medicine, 2008).The article tackles the growing tuberculosis outbreak in Africa, a dangerous disease driven yet another perilous epidemic in the nation- AIDS and how it is being dealt with (Chaisson and Martinson, 2008). The article starts off by stating that Africa is facing the â€Å"worst tuberculosis epidemic,† one that is driven by the HIV prevalence (Chaisson and Martinson, 2008). The authors cited a World Health Organization (WHO) data affirming the status of tuberculosis incidence in African nations (29% of total global cases) (2008).It also exclaimed, based on two separate studies, that tuberculosis is the â€Å"most common coexisting cond ition† in deaths occurring in people with AIDS (2008). Said studies were published in 2002. The article was written just this year, in March. While the studies proved to be useful in preparing the article, this reviewer feels that the assertion would have been more forceful had the authors included studies that are up to date. For one, the WHO citation came from a 2007 WHO report. It is without a doubt, an updated report.The impact is still fresh. The article talks of a prevalent epidemic so it is rather important to have supporting data that are latest. Earlier studies would only serve as basis for comparison. In the article, the authors explained how tuberculosis and HIV are associated (2008). The explanation is simply stated and since this article is intended for a medical journal, this critic thinks that the explanation is written well, no beating around the bush. Instead, the elucidation is done matter of fact.There is no need for supporting statement or evidence since th e article is targeted for those in the field of medicine. Hence, an explanation like this is something that they know of well. They probably memorize it. Since the disease is focusing only on Africa, the authors are able to provide a national perspective on the epidemic. Figures culled from Africa-related studies are enumerated, making it plain for the readers to realize that that this article is about Africa related incident alone.The focus is Africa so the authors did not include statistics from other countries. This provides a clear focus on the subject. The authors also explained how the nation is dealing with the epidemic. They said that while NGOs have helped tremendously in solving Africa’s health plague, a huge chunk of the money is allocated from HIV and not for tuberculosis. There is no supporting evidence to back this statement. Hence, this reviewer believes that this bold statement would have made more impact had the authors gave further corroboration.However, thi s critic also believes that this would have been difficult to make. Funding agencies would probably just state that they are donating money to help Africa solve its health problems and that would encompass HIV, tuberculosis, etc. A donation is still a donation and any help extended should be received with gratitude. Perhaps, it would have been easy if further studies regarding HIV-driven tuberculosis deaths are published. By then, prospective donors would be the first to extend their arms in funding.The authors enumerated ways on how Africa could deal with this dilemma – taking on new strategies regarding its health care system. They also cited WHO’s intervention. Additionally, they listed a study conducted in 2005 on the impact of antiretroviral therapy involving HIV infected patients in Brazil. This is promising, especially for those directly involved with the African health care system. It is good that the authors included this recent development for it would be som ething that Africa could look into.On the whole, the article is well-written. It is easy to read. The organization of data is presented in a way that the readers, technical or non-technical, would be able to follow it. Furthermore, the authors are two authorities in their respective fields and that alone makes them credible in writing such piece. The statements (majority) are backed with supporting evidence. They did not claim on how to eradicate the outbreak. They merely provided suggestions, again with evidence, on how it could be done.

Little Miss Sunshine Theme Essay Essay

An important idea in the film â€Å"Little Miss Sunshine† directed by Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris is the idea that being a winner is more about perseverance and having fun than coming first place and always succeeding. A key character in the film is Richard Hoover, who portrays the development of this idea through his dialogue, costume and camera angles. Initially as defined by Richard, the world is split into only two types of people, â€Å"winners and losers†. Richard’s opening shot shows a middle-aged man orating to an audience, with a large projector behind him showing ‘the 9 steps’. The low angle establishing shots make him look like a man of importance, but ironically, once his speech has ended we realize he is speaking not to a large crowd of people, but a near empty classroom, with only 10 people. While there is a slight feeling of pity it also brings a note of humor to the speech as Richard who was portrayed as the ‘winner’ of the scene is now revealed to be more of a loser. The opening line of the film is â€Å"There are two types of people in this world, winners and losers† indicating to the viewer that the idea of what makes someone a winner will be dominant throughout the film. The statement is also used as a voice-over for the films first scene, where Olive is practicing winning a beauty pageant. Through this the audience quickly connects that Richard’s view of success has greatly influenced his daughter’s, as she practices her ‘winning’ face. The opening scene has been carefully chosen by the Dayton and Faris as a way to communicate to the audience that Richard’s perspective on winners will be a significant theme throughout the film. Richards’s obsession with winning and how he pushes this onto others is again witnessed as he manipulates Olive into not eating ice cream. When the slightly chubby Olive chooses Waffles and ice cream for breakfast, Richard implies that fatty foods and beauty pageants cannot co-exist. His careful choice of words â€Å"Have you ever seen a fat beauty pageant winner? † show him using Olive’s ambitions to dictate her behavior. He knows she cares deeply about this, and takes advantage of it. The Hoovers reaction to Richard is subtle but vital suggesting to the viewer that when people reach this level of obsession with victory it is no longer appropriate. As in this scene, Richard is shown in a close up of his face. However, when Dwayne, Grandpa and Frank try to get Olive to eat ice cream, they are shown with a mid-shot, displaying their cohesion when trying to cheer up Olive. This group shot further enforces Richard’s separation from the group, illustrating how the family is starting to realize that Richard’s attitude is no longer acceptable. The next important scene is were the audience finally sees Richard at his lowest point, and how he has invested so much of his life into the 9 steps that he cant bear to move on. When Richard is confronted with Sheryl screaming â€Å"Fuck the 9 steps Richard†¦I never want to hear the nine steps again! † he realizes that the foundation of his life might all be crap. Richard urgently hunts down Stan, his ex-business partner, but is met with further rejection. Richard is unable to accept that Stan has moved on, replying, â€Å"You mean give up? One set back, you’re ready to quit†. This scene is important for displaying the theme of what makes someone a winner because it fully encompasses the fact that Richard has become so consumed with compartmentalizing the world into winners and loser, he can no longer see the difference between giving up and just moving on. Costume was also used in this scene to fully emphasize the contrast between Stan Grossman (the winner) who wore an expensive suit, and Richard (the loser), who has on trainers, kaki pants and a cheap polo shirt. When Richard’s father dies, we see an important shift towards the idea of participation relating to winners. The directors have chosen this moment for this idea of what makes a winner to take a significant shift as the audience can see that the grief of losing his father causes Richard change his view on success as he learns to appreciate family. Choosing between abiding by the law (remaining with the body at the hospital) or supporting his daughter, makes him realize that coming first doesn’t always make you a winner. â€Å"If there’s one thing my father would have wanted it’s to see Olive perform in the LMS pageant. † This dialogue shows how Richard has developed, realizing that winning is more about determination and taking part, than first place. Winners are now seen as people that â€Å"don’t give up. † He sees that it wasn’t about Olive coming first for Grandpa, it was about her taking part. Finally the family makes it to the pageant but things start to take turn for the worse when Richard sees the rest of the competition. His expression goes from one of pride and excitement to a look of surprise and worry with and his mouth agape as it gradually dawns on him that the whole point of the trip (winning the Pageant) is no longer a reality as the other contestants are obviously much more experienced and competitive. Richard then rushes into the changing rooms to hurriedly tell Sheryl â€Å"I don’t want her to go on†. This shows that he still believes that it is better to avoid being a loser by not participating than to try and have fun with the risk of not winning. Although the audience can tell by Richards ashamed face, and avoidance of eye contact with Sheryl that he is somewhat embarrassed about having this feeling. This attitude is directly contrasted to the advice that Grandpa gave to Olive â€Å"A real loser is someone so afraid of losing that they don’t try at all†. The final scene where we finally see the idea that winning is more about perseverance and having fun than coming first is when Olive performs her dance routine. In this scene Richard finally understands what being a winner is really all about and instead of telling Olive to stop dancing he instead takes part jumping on stage and validating Olives choice to take part by copying her movements, regardless of if they are going to win. This is when he realizes that participating because you enjoy it is also a lot more fun, smiling and laughing as his family takes the stage, skipping in circles and whooping. This final scene fully conveys to the audience the joy and fulfillment you can gain if you leave your inhibitions behind and have fun by following your passions In conclusion an important Idea in Little Miss Sunshine was displayed through the use of Richard, a main character, coupled with various cinematic techniques such as dialogue, camera angles and costume. This helped to show how initially in the Hoover household a winner was someone who always came first and put their goals before everything else, even family. But gradually as the film progressed they came to realize that striving for first place is an unfulfilling goal but being a true winner is someone who has the perseverance to take part and have fun, regardless of how what others say.

Skyscrapers Essays - Skyscraper, Structural Engineering, Free Essays

Skyscrapers Essays - Skyscraper, Structural Engineering, Free Essays Skyscrapers skyscraper architecture coshe.com/search/ The architectural design of the 20th century skyscrapers has been redefined due to the advancement of our modern technology. Benny Louie Humanity 450 Dr. Maureen Schmid 17 May 1999 The architectural design of the 20th century skyscrapers has been redefined due to the advancement of our modern technology. In our modern society, the architectural design of skyscrapers is changing the downtown landscape of metropolitan areas. Due to the change of technologies, it has changed the architectural design of skyscraper dramatically in terms of the its function, design structures, heating and cooling systems and it social status in society. The basic function of the architecture is to provide a roof over peoples head. The main purpose of architecture is to act as a shelter for people to protect themselves against Mother Nature. As civilization development advances, we increased our knowledge and became more creative. People start to design buildings for means of displaying wealth and social status. The skyscraper fits the criteria to show the social status of such building with great height and elegance to the society. According to OGorman, architecture is a form languag e, of communication. (P.89) This communication is represented in the forms of texture, shape and style that reflects certain period of time. In the early period, architectures were associated with style and culture. The Greeks built marble temples with Doric, Ionic or Corinthian columns. Egyptian architecture used heavy lotus columns, massive battered walls and pyramidal forms. The Gothic style used point arch, vast areas of stained glasses, pointed rib-vault construction. (P. 92) Each had its unique characteristic feature to express its message. In the 20th century architectural design, architecture is no longer viewed as simple shelter to provide a roof over peoples head. Architectures are designed with a more environmental conscious issue like cost, energy conservation and practicality of the structure. The interior environment is designed according to the space function of the structures. For example, a dance hall, needs a large open-space with sufficient room for the band and a bar and maybe for tables and chairs around the edge so that people can sit and chat. (Conway in terms of building, the taller the better. People had been fascinated with skyscraper ever since the birth of the first skyscraper in 1895. It was a 10-stories high steel frame structure designed by William Le Baron Jenney in 1885, named Home Insurance Building. (Bennett, P.40) Over the year as steel and concrete production technologies reach a higher level, architects use these new materials to reach greater height in the design of skyscrapers. The improvement of the skyscraper structures starts from 10 floor stories to high as 150 floor stories high.

PREPARE AND WRITE A SUPERIOR UNIVERSITY ESSAY

PREPARE AND WRITE A SUPERIOR UNIVERSITY ESSAY PREPARE AND WRITE A SUPERIOR UNIVERSITY ESSAY Tackling a university- or college-level essay can be daunting. Its especially difficult for those who are new to this type of writing. Advanced education essays require a different style, compared to what you may do in high school classes. Certain specifics and technical approaches are beneficial. Here are five tips to improve your skills: Brainstorming for ideas is key. You cant always rely on your memory to save all your thoughts when brainstorming. Write it all down, later slashing and burning any unnecessary ideas. An integral part of this process involves excising any unfruitful thoughts. Dont be afraid to do this; keep only the good stuff. Your first draft is where the rough stuff gets done. Dont worry about being perfect,;the paper wont be on your first attempt. Just get your ideas down and let the thoughts flow. You can clean it up later. Your essay must have three distinct parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. This is where the technical applications come into play. You have to set up the flow in a coherent way. The body should have several parts. The introduction and conclusion often need only have one paragraph. Your paper must have a focused view. No matter what you write, your viewpoint should be substantiated in some way. Say you mention something about the American Civil War. If you have about an opinion about how the South approached the defense of their territories, these views need to be backed up by events that occurred. If the views are not supported by facts on the page, the paper will not work. It will solely be viewed as conjecture, or, at best, an opinion piece. Do your research. Be honest about what you are writing. Find a creative angle to draw the readers attention. Essays are complex this way. A strong essary has to be technical and creative enough to keep someones interest. Its a tall order, but not an impossible feat. is geared to help with your coursework and assignments. Looking to create university- and graduate-level papers? Let us help with technical and creative aspects in all your writing. Give us a

Open Adoption Records Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Open Adoption Records - Coursework Example Key words: information, agreement, consent. Should All Adoption Document Opened To Adopted Child Above 18? Every person above 18 years has a right to have access to information. However, this right should be restricted on special cases. It may require one to restrict information to an individual for the good of the person and those related to the person. Under section 3 of data protection act, one has a right to obtain a copy of any information withheld from him, by an organization. But provisions have been provided under section 5 of data protection act where the information to be provided may negatively affect the code of conduct and interest of an organization (Data protection commissioner, n.d). In this regard, this paper opposes the opening of all adoption records to adopted individual even though the individual may be above 18 years. The assertion is in regard to the following fact; the uncertainty of physiological effects that may be caused due to such revelations. A good exam ple is the case where the biological parents choose to maintain anonymous identification. It would be of great importance to maintain the privacy of the parents. Otherwise not doing so, will not only hurt the credibility of the organization concerned and the biological parents’ right of privacy, but also may infringe negatively into the adopted parents’ relationship with the adopted child. The signed documents between the parents and the organization should be respected and their privacy maintained, and only opened to a third party under their consent, and if a situation forces (Adoption resources, 2013). Otherwise this may harm the firm’s credibility and the biological parents’ feelings, thus causing a negative impact. The second reason for my proposition is due to the fact that such revelations may cause a rift between the adopted parents and the child. This may be due to the fact that the child may have a conflict of interest between the biological and the adopted parents. In one way or the other, one party may have to suffer some kind of damages due to this revelation. It is better to avoid this entire situation by withholding such information so as not to hurt the young person’s emotions. It may be argued that such revelations are important to the health and medical conditions of the adopted kid, because some medical conditions are directly related to the biological family’s medical history. I agree that these conditions would easily be monitored if the biological family’s medical history was revealed to the adopted child. This fact, however, should not be the core reason for opening of all the adoption records to the adopted child. Such critical information should be given to the adopting parents who should reveal the history to the doctors without revealing the adopting documents to the child. Even in such circumstances, only safe information should be released. Individuals aged above 18 years have the ri ght to get access their records (Yashwantrao Chavan Academy of Development Administration, 2006). However, if such information would have a negative impact on the person’s wellbeing as well as people around (i.e. would cause physiological problems and unwarranted anger), it would be better such individual is kept in the â€Å"dark† in regard to such scenarios. Despite the individual’s emotional maturity, such information may break the strength,

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 61

Journal - Essay Example In this respect, I am most interested on studying Intrapersonal context of communication as one of the theories that explore the complex system of the society. Interpersonal relations constitute attribution theory, uncertainty reduction theory, expectancy violation theory, and cognitive dissonance. Attribution theory remains an important aspect of interpersonal relations which affirms that whatever the cause may be, there always remain a strong need to comprehend and make clear what is going on in our world. This attribution theory gives the need for people to explain their feelings and desires which prompts interaction in various social settings. This opens up interesting influence and possibilities which promotes communication as a tool of interpersonal relations (Wood 919). The importance of understanding intrapersonal communication and the theories cannot be overestimated as it plays central role in defining our diverse and unique identities. This theory is viewed as the point at which all communications begin, which leads on to overt communication. It is therefore important that interpersonal relations theory is given much emphasis as it dictates the aggregate working of the entire