“Ships at a Distance” Dreams in Their Eyes Were Watching...

Zora Neale Hurston opens Their Eyes Were Watching God with an eloquent metaphor regarding dreams: â€Å"Ships at a distance have every man’s wish on board. For some they come in with the tide. For others, they sail forever on the horizon, never out of sight, never landing until the watcher turns his eyes away in resignation, his dreams mocked to death by Time (Hurston 1).† Hurston describes here how some dreams are achieved with time while others lurk out of reach until the dreamer gives up. Janie Crawford, protagonist of Their Eyes Were Watching God, encounters numerous ambitions throughout her life, mainly concerning a desire to somehow achieve something in life, and to not just go through the motions. While Janie’s dreams and my own do not†¦show more content†¦The pear tree is her inspiration and her first true desire. She longs to bud and blossom, like the tree, and cannot wait to discover herself and all the wonders of the world. Another desire of young Janie is to find true, passionate love in a relationship. Returning to the metaphor of the pear tree, Janie says to her Grandma, â€Å"‘Ah wants things sweet wid mah marriage lak when you sit under a pear tree and think’† (Hurston 24). Janie dreams of a peaceful, pleasant, and comfortable love in her marriage, similar to the quiet bliss of sitting in the shade of a blossoming pear tree. In her article, Kubitschek also points out Darwin Turner’s understanding that â€Å"‘All Janie wants is to love, be loved, and to share the life of her man. But . . . she must first find a man wise enough to let her be whatever kind of woman she wants to be’† (qtd. in Kubitschek 109). Unfortunately, this love and freedom was not acquired in Janie’s first marriage. Despite her hope that feelings of true love would develop with her first husband Logan Killicks, â€Å"she knew now that marriage did not make love. Janie’ s first dream was dead, so she became a woman† (Hurston 25). Discontent with lack of passion in her first marriage, Janie decides to abandon her dream of finding love with Logan and does not hesitate to run away with Jody Starks when the situation presents itself. Deborah Clarke comments on this change in heart, writing, â€Å"Janie thus gives up aShow MoreRelatedTheir Eyes Were Watching By Zora Hurston1172 Words   |  5 PagesThe book their eyes were watching was written by Zora Hurston, and she tells the life story of a girl named Janie. It starts off with a metaphor explaining that women are the type to chase their dreams and even when it seems they can never accomplish it they never lose sight of it. Men on the other type to have dreams but instead of chasing like how Zora says women do they want their dream to come to them. The book is a frame narrative being and told by Zora but switches from Janie s point of viewRead MoreA Womens Search for Identity in Zora Neale H urston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God729 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"It’s uh known fact, Pheoby, you got tuh go there tuh know there†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hurston 192). The theme of identity can be seen throughout Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, of a story of a women’s journey for self-identification. Through symbolic imagery, such as the pear tree, Janie’s hair, and the horizon, Hurston ultimately shows a women’s quest for her identity. As a young teenager, Janie becomes infatuated with the idea of an idealistic romance: â€Å"She saw a dust-bearing bee sink into theRead MoreGender Roles in Their Eyes Were Watching God1087 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Gender Roles in Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God During the 1900’s, women, specifically black women, were considered to be property of men in the United States, especially down south, in states such as Florida and Georgia. Legally, women had no voice. For example, if a woman was abused by her husband, the court system would not acknowledge it even if it did really happen. In the article â€Å"Sexism in the Early 1900’s†, Becca Woltemath states that â€Å"†¦a woman’s job is to take care of the houseRead MoreHow One Fulfills A Dream?1570 Words   |  7 PagesHow one fulfills a dream is a contested and unsettled concept. Is it based on luck, skill, chance, or something else entirely? Attributing a dream’s success to outside forces, such as luck and chance, creates unambitious tendencies. On the other hand, when a person has an internal locus of control, a belief that he or she can influence their success themselves, they take their life into their own hands and control their own destiny. In multiple studies, it has been shown that those with an internalRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God Summer Assignment1071 Words   |  5 Pages Their Eyes Were Watching God Summer Assignment Passage: â€Å"Listen, Sam, if it was nature, nobody wouldn’t have tuh look out for babies touchin’ stoves, would they? ’Cause dey just naturally wouldn’t touch it. But dey sho will. So it’s caution.† â€Å"Naw it ain’t, it’s nature, cause nature makes caution. It’s de strongest thing dat God ever made, now. Fact is it’s de onliest thing God every made. He made nature and nature made everything else.†(Hurston 64-65) Journal Entry: (R) This is a passageRead MoreThe Horizon of Possibility in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Hurston 595 Words   |  3 PagesTheir Eyes Were Watching God, Hurston describes the horizon as possibilities and opportunities. When the story starts out Janie’s perception of the horizon changes first from desire for love to the need of love, and ultimately the feeling of contentment towards love to show Janie maturing throughout the novel. Firstly, Janie views the horizon as an opportunity for something great to happen in her life. For example, in the beginning paragraph in the novel, it illustrates how harboring ships give peopleRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott B. Fitzgerald1635 Words   |  7 Pagesprotagonist in Their Eyes Were Watching God to the use of first person narration of a secondary character in The Great Gatsby. What is the effect of having Nick tell Gatsby’s story versus Janie telling her own? Is Nick a reliable narrator? Is Janie? a While Janie tells her own perspective of her American Dream, Nick is under the impression of admiration towards Gatsby’s American Dream. 3. How are women able to express power in each novel? a The women in both novels were able to express powerRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God : Gender Differences1584 Words   |  7 PagesKhealsea Elkins Professor Katherine Chiles ENG AFST 233: Major Black Writers 14 October 2014 Their Eyes Were Watching God: Gender Differences Zora Neale Hurston is considered one of the most unsurpassed writers of twentieth-century African-American literature. Published in 1937, Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God depicts the life of Janie Crawford, an African-American woman, who is in search of true love and ultimately her true self. In the novel, Janie shows us that love comesRead MoreNot All Dreams Come True in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston601 Words   |  3 Pages At one point in every persons life, they have a dream. However, not all hopes and dreams come true. In the novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston, the protagonist, Janie Crawford, experiences the deaths of some of her dreams, but she also experiences the success of one. The deaths of these dreams change her opinion of men and caused her to become unsure of love. â€Å"Ships at a distance have every man’s wish on board. For some they come in with the tide...Then they act and do thingsRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God By Zora Neale Hurston1459 Words   |  6 Pages 1. In â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† by Zora Neale Hurston, the main character Janie Crawford experiences many different kinds of love. Throughout her childhood, Janie experienced protective love from her grandmother. When Janie reached the ripe age of 16, her grandmother wanted her to get married. Because of this, she ended up marrying her first husband, Logan Killicks. Just like she did when she was with her grandmother, Janie was the receiver of protective love from her husband. The next type

The Intermediate Target Of Monetary Policy - 1961 Words

?The inability to control the money supply has left central banks with no choice but to pursue price stability through the manipulation of short-term interest rates.? INTRODUCTION The intermediate target of monetary policy is a core part of the entire operation of monetary policy, the monetary authorities to observe the effect of monetary policy significance. Money supply as monetary policy intermediate variables, their effectiveness has been controversial features of theorists. Whether short-term interest rates through the operation by a central bank is aimed to make a price stability? It will be discussed in this paper. According to the given topic, there are some definitions and questions have to make clear in advance: What is Monetary Policy? How to control the money supply? How to manipulation interest rates? What impact it will take? CONTENT In order to promote full employment, price stability and economic growth a macro-economic management, the government regulates the level of aggregate demand by adjusting the interest rates is the meaning of the monetary policy. Money supply can be controlled by monetary policy instruments via three prime ways. The first method is statutory deposit reserve ratio.In the form of laws commercial banks and other financial institutions will be paid a portion of their deposits in the central bank as a reserve ratio. Adjust the statutory deposit reserve ratio of commercial banks can quickly change multiple deposit expansion andShow MoreRelatedFederal Reserve Act Overview Essays1229 Words   |  5 PagesFEDERAL RESERVE ACT OVERVIEW The Federal Reserve Act States that, The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Open Market Committee shall maintain long run growth of the monetary and credit aggregates commensurate with the economy’s long run potential to increase production, so as to promote effectively the goals of maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates. (Federal Government, 1977) After several years of financial turmoil and panics,Read MoreThe Best Economic Environment for Inflation Targeting1113 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition of inflation targeting (IT). 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Her credibility as an effective communicator for the entire FOMC has, therefore, been compromised. Additionally, there are now clear signs of rising dissent amongst FOMC members, something which financial markets will have noted. The 20-21 S eptember policy meeting released updated economic and federal

Security and Privacy Risks HR Database-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the various security and privacy risks and threats that are associated with the conventional HR database and the cloud based approaches. Answer: Introduction: The Department of Administrative Services (DAS) is used to provide public services to the other department s present in the Australian state government. The services that are provided include the personnel management and HR, management of contract tendering, payroll, procurement and contractor management. The data centre of the department is responsible for providing such services. This report discusses about the approach that is being made by the DAS. This approach is the Shared Services Approach. The report also includes the securities and the privacy issues that are associated by adopting the various intended requirements. The report also covers the identity risks that can be associated with the approach. In addition, the risks of the provider of such services along with the sensitivity in data are also included in the report. Discussion: The main concept to be applied is the Shared Services approach. The main idea of this approach is to centralize the services that are being provided by the DAS. These services are now been made to be provided to the whole government. The requirements of this approach are the need of different departments of the government to migrate their resources to the central server. The departments who were intending their data and resources for their users now need to upload the resources to the central servers to incorporate the idea of shared services. This migration will be done on the DAS central database. After the migration of the data and resources, the DAS will be responsible for sharing the gathered resources among all the present departments of the government. This approach is further strengthened by the presence of a government policy that requires the presence of incorporation of cloud computing architecture for the updating the services present. The payroll of the DAS will b incorp orated in the COTS (Commercial off the Shelf) application that will help in managing the payroll related services directly from the cloud. The DAS intranet will also be incorporated in to the Microsoft SharePoint PaaS to provide the services associated with the intranet to all the departments of the government. To meet the intended outcomes, the DAS has decided to adopt certain services to help facilitate the service procurement. Firstly, the DAS is responsible for purchasing a HR and personnel management application from an US based company. The main idea is to get Software as a service (SaaS) model. The application software is supposed to include the HR management and the personnel management application embedded on it. To apply this, the provider of the application has informed the DAS about their main database situated in Dublin, Ireland. Along with the HR and personnel management, the DAS will also acquire Contractor management application software to help visualize and manage the contractor that is being associated in the DAS. Security of employee data: Risks and threats in the in house HR database of the DAS: The in house of the HR department is subjected to many threats and risks. The traditional database grants many privileges in case of access and this invites many forms of risks and threats to the data and resource involved. The first risk to the HR database is the excessive or misuse of privileges granted (Ted et al., 2013). When employees are given access to the whole system, they may cause damage depending on the intentions of the employee involved. For example, a banker with full access to the employee savings account may change the data of any other employee to create a nuisance in the flow of operation. In addition, when an employee is terminated, the access to the information remains and due to the change in emotional stability, the access of such data can create problems by hampering the operation of the company or organization involved. This unnecessary risk arises due to the acquisitions of full access to the database involved. The more privilege given to an employee, the mo re vulnerable and the more prone to attacks the system gets. Risks and threats are also provided when an unauthorized user tries to get access to the system by attacking the system (Aloul et al., 2012). This is termed as a cyber attack. The HR database is the traditional one and for accessing this in an unauthorized process, the SQL injection attack is used. This attack gives the rogue user access to the entire database and crucial information is unethically accessed using this process. This is also another threat as it may affect the security related aspects of the employees. Malware is also another form of unauthorized access and the infected system is not aware of the state of it. The employees or users still work on the infected computer and their information is unethically accessed. This is also another risk to the employee data as the security and privacy of the data and resources are hampered. The more information a data centre possesses, the more vulnerable and the more prone to attacks the system gets. The transactions that are ongoing in any company or organization involved must be recorded automatically in the database servers. The failure to comply with such process may lead to problems to be associated with the organizations as well as the employees concerned (Arasu et al., 2013). For example, the transactions of one month for salary might not be recorded and the database may show that the employees have their salaries even in the next month and might not avail for the salary acquisition. This may lead to employee related problems. Organizations or companies with poor auditing mechanism face difficulties in streamlining their operations. As, a result the companies or organizations involved turn to third party providers to give access to system that helps in auditing. However, the most important thing to consider is the user interface and detailed mechanism. The detailed mechanism of the third party processes do not consider all the detailed transactions and thus fail to store a ll the information in the database (Jeun, Lee Won, 2012). Moreover, the software may use different platforms like the DB2 and the MS-SQL logs, which are not compatible with the organizational structure. This also imposes another constraint in the process of operation and affects the security and operation of the concerned individuals. Employee data is also hampered during security breaches for the backup disks in the system. As the backup data is always unprotected, the breach to get such data is always prominent (Moore, Spink Lipp, 2012). The information present in the hacked database affects the concerned resource of the organization or companies involved or the employees concerned. The more information a data centre possesses, the more vulnerable and the more prone to attacks the system gets. Risks and threats after migration to SaaS application: Security is a main concern which needs considering even after the incorporation of a new project. Though the SaaS architecture is a new model, which is being used by many business organizations or companies, the risks and threats associated with it are always considered (Chou, 2013). The risks are due to the presence of integration of the information in its internal data center. The more information a data centre possesses, the more vulnerable and the more prone to attacks the system gets. As the step to integration of information and resources to the SaaS needs the access of such information to the third-party service providers, the question for access and consistency always remains the same (Hussein Khalid, 2016). This is the reason for employee and company problems regarding who gets the access to their information. Another risk that is present due to the presence of SaaS application is the instability due to unavailability of the providers. As the services provided by the SaaS applications are great, many companies and organizations are adopting the concept (Alani, 2014). This has made a need for competition in the market among the providers of such services. However, not all companies can take such investments and this creates problem in the competition, which may result in loss of business of some providers. It may happen sometimes that the services taken from the provider are no longer available due to their unavailability. The problem for employee data as well as organizational resource hampering is the main thing affected by such risks. This risk is to be considered before adoption of such services and the company needs to consider their policies of mitigating such problems. Transparency is a concern among the organization accessing the application services from the third-part vendors. The providers are often very secretive about their operation and assure the clients about the services that are being provided. This is the reason of developing distrust in the relationship among the providers and the clients (Lee, 2012). This results in less data to be shared to them and creates vulnerabilities in security regarding the employee information or organizational resources. Though the providers have reason to believe that hiding the information about their centers can help in minimizing the risks associated with the disclosure of information, the question of transparency still lies in the relationship. Identity theft is another aspect, which requires security to be implemented. The providers of the services require payment for providing the services. This is done by taking the credit card information and then the payment is done. The risk it implies is still an ethical issue among many users. The unethical providers are to be recognized before passing on the information of payment related services to them as the use of this information can be used for doing wrong things (Prasanth, 2012). The employees associated with the adoption of such services may pass the payment information before researching about the vendors and unethical doings can be caused by that. This is termed as identity theft. In addition, the information shared with the application providers are not in control of the individuals whose information is passed (Agrawal, El Abbadi Wang, 2013). This results in unease and absence in mind as the employee concerned is directly impacted in case of any actions taken that affects their security and privacy. Assessment of resulting Security of Employee Data S.No Security Threat/Risk Description Likelihood Impact Priority Preventive Actions Contingency Plans Student 1 1. Excessive or misuse of privileges granted L VH M 1. Review of privileges 2. Daily check for user entry 1. Backup of data 2. Cross-checking by higher authorities 2. Cyber attack VH VH VH Antivirus presence Locking of data to prevent access 3. Malware H H H Presence of antivirus Locking of data to prevent access Student 2 4. Automatic recordings of transaction in the database H M M Better infrastructure Backup of the data present 5. Poor auditing mechanism M H H Better mechanisms for auditing 6. Security breaches in backup disks H VH VH Reviewing the security protocols Locks in the disc with encrypted password Existing security threats to Employee data Likelihood - VL, L,M, H, VH Impact- - VL, L,M, H, VH Priority- - VL, L, M,H, VH S.No New Security Threat/Risk of employee data Description (after moving to Saas) Likelihood Impact Priority Preventive Actions Contingency Plans Student 1 1. Access and consistency VH L L 1. Reviewing the terms and conditions 2. Need to communicate with the service provider 1. Legal actions to be taken in case of problems 2. Instability due to unavailability of the providers M VH H Better research regarding the service providers Backup of the system Student 2 3. Transparency VH M L Terms and conditions reviewing 4. Identity theft VL VH H Use of different payment account with little balance Legal actions 5. Loss of control of individual data H L L Better review of the terms and conditions New Security Threat to Employee data(after moving to SaaS) Likelihood - VL, L, M, H, VH Impact- - VL, L, M, H, VH Priority- - VL, L, M, H, VH Severity of risk and threat to security employee data Probability Very High Accessibility and consistency Transparency Cyber attack High Loss of control in user data Transaction recording Malware Security breach in backup disc Medium Poor auditing Unavailability of providers Low Misuse of user privileges Very Low Identity theft Severity Very Low Low Medium High Very High Privacy of employee data: Risks and threats in the privacy of the data in the in house HR database: The privacy of data is an important aspect that is the main concern related to every decision taken for doing any project. The information contained in any organization or company is deemed private or public depending upon their credibility (WANG MENG, 2014). The private information is to be safeguarded and access to such information should not be given to the unauthorized users. However, many risks and threats are associated with the privacy of such data. The threats to the privacy of data in the database include the integrity loss. The changes in the database must not hamper the information present in the database. Any changes like the insertion or deletion must not be done without fully backing up the data (Ziegeldorf, Morchon Wehrle, 2014). The loss of integrity is made by many deliberate or accidental actions. The loss of data needs to be modified as the use of changed data may lead to inaccurate results and fraud detection, which might affect the performance of the serviced, involved. The availability of the database is a major concern, as all the information pertaining to the services is stored in the system (Raschke, Krishen Kachroo, 2014). Database availability means making certain parameters available to the employees or other legitimate software. Protection of confidential information is a great concern for the HR database. The protection of data and information from unauthorized access is termed ad confidentiality of data. The unethical and unauthorized access to the system can lead to the violation of the privacy of data (Basharat Azam Muzaffar, 2012). This unprotected, unauthorized and accidental disclosure of data and information can lead to certain problems ranging from small-scale data breach to legal issues against the company or organization involved. The more information a data centre possesses, the more vulnerable and the more prone to attacks the system gets. Risks and threats after the migration to SaaS applications: After the hosting of the data by the client, the provider needs to assure the clients regarding the associated security and the privacy of the components (Theoharidou et al., 2013). The provider also needs to assure the clients regarding the unauthorized access prevention to their information. This is included in the security and privacy conditions of the associated providers. The privacy regarding the integrity of the data is to be considered. The application provider needs to provide the consistency of applications and the type of information and resources that are being uploaded in the cloud based application (Chen Zhao, 2012). As the client paying for the services has the right of knowing the information, the service provider needs to tell their client about the composition of the data and the ongoing processes for the application. The right to know the information is also being leveraged by the clients. The clients need to know the place of the data center where the information of the clients is being stored. However, the information for the location of the data centers is not always provided to the clients (Kalloniatis et al., 2014). In addition, the service provider works by using the resources available of other providers who have collaborated with them. This causes a risk to privacy as the client involved needs to know the location of the data center involved with storing the information. Assessment of Privacy of Employee Data: Existing privacy threats and risks to the privacy of employee data S.No Privacy Threat/Risk Description (Employee data) Likelihood (Probability) Impact (Severity) Priority Preventive Actions Contingency Plans Student 1 1. Integrity loss M H H 1. Backup of data 2. Protection of database 1. Recovery 2. Security protocol review 2. Database availability L H VH Student 2 3. Protection of confidential information VH VH VH S.No New Privacy Threat/Risk of employee data Description (after moving to Saas) Likelihood Impact Priority Preventive Actions Contingency Plans Student 1 1. Consistency of applications H M H 1. Terms and condition review 2. Researching of the provider before application 1. Backing up of data 2. Security protocol review Student 2 2. Location of the data centres L L VH 3. Unauthorized access prevention VH H VH New Security Threat to Employee data(after moving to SaaS) Likelihood - VL, L, M, H, VH Impact- - VL, L, M, H, VH Priority- - VL, L, M, H, VH Severity of risk and threat to privacy employee data Probability Very High Unauthorized access prevention Protection of confidential information High Consistency of application Medium Integrity loss Low Location of data centers Database availability Very Low Severity Very Low Low Medium High Very High Fig: Solution architecture in privacy and security (Source: created by the author) Digital identity issues: When a company or organization decides to make a change by adopting the cloud-based architecture, the issues that will be faced are to be considered before facing the problems. The authorities need to know the certain requirements like the requirements of various passwords and URLs for each of the application to be accessed by each of its users. The employees working in a SaaS service needs to identify the various passwords and the various URLs associated with each application that they are involved (Grover, 2014). This creates a problem of identity related issues in the minds of the employees concerned. Incase of new employees, the company provides access to the applications that are needed by the employees. The access to the application is often given one at a time by the various applications. This is done by the administrator of the system and not by an IT professional. The employees are required authorized access to the system for functioning. It happens that sometimes the employees may need the use of some other application for doing their work. The access is not given to them without proper identification. This creates an issue of identity and the administrator is required to give temporary access to the application. The access to the application is provided in the cloud computing architecture. This enables the remote access of the systems. However, due such access new integrations and new passwords with URLs are to be made in to the system. This causes a hindrance to the employee accessing the system. As the cloud applications enable the integrations of the organizational resources in the cloud, the need for administration is given to one department (Jang-Jaccard Nepal, 2014). For example, in a particular company the cloud access is administered by the IT department. This necessitates the need for the sales department to check on their data and thus frees up their data. This creates a problem as the administration rights, centralized data is viewed by the IT department, and this creates the problem of identity, as every time the information is to be accessed, the IT operation needs to provide the identification URLs. Provider solution issues: To meet the intended outcomes, the DAS has decided to adopt certain services to help facilitate the service procurement. Firstly, the DAS is responsible for purchasing a HR and personnel management application from an US based company. The main idea is to get Software as a service (SaaS) model. The application software is supposed to include the HR management and the personnel management application embedded on it. To apply this, the provider of the application has informed the DAS about their main database situated in Dublin, Ireland. The operations regarding the processing, maintenance and storage of data are to be done from Bangalore. The service provider has advised the employees of the clients that the access to the system and their performance will be controlled by a link included in the intranet of the DAS. The employees will be allocated a digital identification, which will be used to provide authenticated access in the performance and HR system. This ID will be generated by the individual department involved. The risks discussed above in the report are not mentioned in the provided solutions and thus the DAS needs to review the terms and conditions of the proposals and apply for contract accordingly. The issues with digital identities are still present, as the employees are needed to get authorized access to the system via digital identification. Along with the HR and personnel management, the DAS will also acquire Contractor management application software to help visualize and manage the contractor that is being associated in the DAS. The application provider is a German based company and they have said that the database of the provider is located in Heidelberg, Germany. However, the maintenance and operations will be done from the laboratory of the service provider located in Walldorf, Germany. However, the data that is being processed is not managed by the service provider. The DAS is responsible for ensuring the correctness and efficiency of the data that is being uploaded. The data is supposed to be uploaded via a secure channel. The employees associated with the DAS will enter their information credentials in to the application service via a secured URL that will be provided by the application provider. Although the application provider addresses the risk of providing individual data access to the client and the employ ees involved, the application provider is not concerned with the correctness and the security of the data that will be uploaded and this is a place for concern in the DAS. In case of any hindrances or grave situations, the service provider has to be notified by the client for all the required assessment. Data sensitivity and jurisdiction: Data sensitivity is defined as the protection of those types of data that requires the non-disclosure from unauthorized access. The access to these types of sensitive data should be protected and safeguarded for various reasons like ethical and privacy related reasons (Gampala, Inuganti Muppidi, 2012). The sensitive information consists of all data that includes: Personal information (defined by North Carolina Identity Theft Protection Act, 2005) Health information protection (defined by Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 1996) Educational records of the students (Family Education Rights and Privacy Act) Information of customer record (Gramm Leach Bliley Act) Credentials of payment (defined by Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards), Confidential data of personnel (State Personnel Act) Confidential information (North Carolina Public Records Act) These jurisdictions are in compliance to the international security standards that affects the information on a global level. Many international agencies are concerned with the protection of cloud-enabled services among the clients and their providers. The International Telecommunications Union and the Internet Engineering are directing their activities for specifying the protocols of the functions associated with the cloud computing services (Martini, Choo, 2012). The sensitivity of data is being undertaken by various agencies in the Australian government such as the Australian Government Information Management office and the Australian Computer Society. The issues relating to the data sensitivity are the unauthorized access to the system that is being implemented by the DAS. The sensitive information as discussed above must be followed and access to such information must not be given without the presence of identification and authorization. The DAS system implementation should also comply with the various jurisdictions that are also given in the report. These jurisdictions are to be followed to avoid unnecessary risks and threats as more information present in the system, the more vulnerabilities the system gets. Conclusion: Thus, it is concluded from the report that he DAS system needs to apply the threats and risks discussed in the report and apply them carefully to avoid the various risks of implementing cloud-based services. The Security related threats are to be analyzed and the priorities must be given to the employees associated, as they are the one who will be impacted by such steps taken. The Privacy related issues are also to be considered as failure to comply with the jurisdictions may result in various legal actions taken by the employees and this will give rise to the operations of the competitors in the market. References: Agrawal, D., El Abbadi, A., Wang, S. (2013, April). Secure and privacy-preserving database services in the cloud. InData Engineering (ICDE), 2013 IEEE 29th International Conference on(pp. 1268-1271). IEEE. Alani, M. M. (2014). Securing the cloud: Threats, attacks and mitigation techniques.Journal of Advanced Computer Science Technology,3(2), 202. Aloul, F., Al-Ali, A. R., Al-Dalky, R., Al-Mardini, M., El-Hajj, W. (2012). Smart grid security: Threats, vulnerabilities and solutions.International Journal of Smart Grid and Clean Energy,1(1), 1-6. Arasu, A., Blanas, S., Eguro, K., Kaushik, R., Kossmann, D., Ramamurthy, R., Venkatesan, R. (2013, January). Orthogonal Security with Cipherbase. InCIDR. Basharat, I., Azam, F., Muzaffar, A. W. (2012). Database security and encryption: A survey study.International Journal of Computer Applications,47(12). Chen, D., Zhao, H. (2012, March). Data security and privacy protection issues in cloud computing. InComputer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012 International Conference on(Vol. 1, pp. 647-651). IEEE. Chou, T. S. (2013). Security threats on cloud computing vulnerabilities.International Journal of Computer Science Information Technology,5(3), 79. Gampala, V., Inuganti, S., Muppidi, S. (2012). Data security in cloud computing with elliptic curve cryptography.International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE),2(3), 138-141. Grover, N. (2014). A Study of Security Threats and Issues in Cloud Computing.IITM Journal of Management and IT, 78. Hussein, N. H., Khalid, A. (2016). A survey of Cloud Computing Security challenges and solutions.International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,14(1), 52. Jang-Jaccard, J., Nepal, S. (2014). A survey of emerging threats in cybersecurity.Journal of Computer and System Sciences,80(5), 973-993. Jeun, I., Lee, Y., Won, D. (2012). A practical study on advanced persistent threats.Computer applications for security, control and system engineering,339, 144-152. Kalloniatis, C., Mouratidis, H., Vassilis, M., Islam, S., Gritzalis, S., Kavakli, E. (2014). Towards the design of secure and privacy-oriented information systems in the cloud: Identifying the major concepts.Computer Standards Interfaces,36(4), 759-775. Lee, K. (2012). Security threats in cloud computing environments.International Journal of Security and Its Applications,6(4), 25-32. Martini, B., Choo, K. K. R. (2012). An integrated conceptual digital forensic framework for cloud computing.Digital Investigation,9(2), 71-80. Moore, J. C., Spink, J., Lipp, M. (2012). Development and application of a database of food ingredient fraud and economically motivated adulteration from 1980 to 2010.Journal of Food Science,77(4). Prasanth, A. (2012). Cloud computing services: a survey.International Journal of Computer Applications,46(3), 0975-8887. Raschke, R. L., Krishen, A. S., Kachroo, P. (2014). Understanding the components of information privacy threats for location-based services.Journal of Information Systems,28(1), 227-242. Ted, E., Goldberg, H. G., Memory, A., Young, W. T., Rees, B., Pierce, R., ... Essa, I. (2013, August). Detecting insider threats in a real corporate database of computer usage activity. InProceedings of the 19th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining(pp. 1393-1401). ACM. Theoharidou, M., Papanikolaou, N., Pearson, S., Gritzalis, D. (2013, December). Privacy risk, security, accountability in the cloud. InCloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom), 2013 IEEE 5th International Conference on(Vol. 1, pp. 177-184). IEEE. WANG, L., MENG, X. F. (2014). Location privacy preservation in big data era: a survey.Journal of Software,25(4), 693-712. Ziegeldorf, J. H., Morchon, O. G., Wehrle, K. (2014). Privacy in the Internet of Things: threats and challenges.Security and Communication Networks,7(12), 2728-2742.

South Atlantic Eddies Essays - Ocean Currents, Oceanography, Oceans

South Atlantic Eddies The article I chose to do my assignment on was Giant Eddies of South Atlantic Water Invade the North. The eddies that the article discusses are thought to originated from sharp changes of the direction of the currents, which are called North Brazil Current retroflection eddies. These are observed to the largest eddies in the Atlantic. Scientists and Oceanographers are still uncertain about the causes and effects of these eddies, and about the history and numbers of the eddies, and are still continuing their research today. Between the time period of 1989 to 1992 six retroflection eddies were tracked for the first time, using subsurface floats and surface drifters. As a result of the tracking of these eddies, researchers were able to describe the number, movement, and characteristics of the eddies. Research has found that the deepest loops of an eddie can have diameter up to 250 kilometers, with a depth of 1200 meters, and swirl speeds up to 80 centimeters per second. Research implies that between July to March at least three eddies form, but appear to go away when they approach a 1,0 00 meter ridge between Barbados and Tobago. Retroflection eddies seem to bring a great deal of volume of water from the South Atlantic northward into the North Atlantic. These eddies move approximately one million cubic meters of water per second, and with three eddies annually this accounts for up to a quarter of the total northward movement of the upper limb of the thermohaline circulation cell. The newly discovered eddies clear up reasons as to why there was a difference between recent data from drifting buoys and the history of ship drifts that showed continuous flow up the coast to the Caribbean. Oceanographers and scientists have only begun to investigating more deeply into these eddies. Even the information discussed in this article is undeveloped; therefore researchers are still searching for a more clear explanation of the occurrences of these eddies. Science

We Are Our Mothers Daughters Essays (379 words) - Cokie Roberts

We Are Our Mothers Daughters News correspondent Cokie Roberts, author of a meaningful book titled We are Our Mothers' Daughters, published in 1998, call number 001-170, discusses significant issues facing women today in her book. She takes her readers on a personal and political journey, exploring the diverse roles women have played throughout American history and the connections and distinctions among different generations of women. On a personal level, each essay is an introduction to several of the fascination women Roberts has encountered during the course of her reporting career; she also relates powerful and moving life stories about the women in her life, like her mother former Congresswoman Lindy Boggs. Roberts style is unique. Roberts takes you through intimate stories of extraordinary women; these women become the beginning for more extensive discussions of women's position in politics, business, motherhood, and marriage, as well as other issues. Roberts examines the nature of women's roles, from mother to mechanic, sister to soldier, from her personal experience. Roberts is very sincere to her feelings in her writing in this book. I felt just as she was happy or sad. She begins her writing with the intense story of her sister, whom dies from cancer at a young age. The story of her mothers life as a politician next. Roberts also, wrote about an aunt of hers, a soldier, mechanic, friend, reporter, civil rights activist, wife, and an enterpriser. She concludes her book by her last chapter titled A Women's Place. She discusses all the important roles of the women she wrote about and how they tie together. A women's place is everywhere and anywhere in today's world. She worked her writing by writing about the women that were close to her and extended from there to other fascinating women she encountered in her career. Roberts dedicated a chapter to each women she wrote about. This book from my view is sensitive, strait forward, and perceptive. It also shows such a diversity of choices and perspectives available to women today and greatly affirms the bond of females powerful inter connection among all women, whatever their background. I would suggest anyone interested in where a women belong and the history of women should read this selection. It's just one of those bookes, where from start to end you might cry or laugh. I garuntee when you begin to read, you will not want to stop till you have read the entire book.

Differences Between Founding a Company in the US and in Europe

Differences Between Founding a Company in the US and in Europe There are definitely marked differences between founding a company in the US and Europe especially in regards to venture capital. To begin with, it is worth to explore the background knowledge on the application of the term ‘venture capital’.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Differences Between Founding a Company in the US and in Europe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Companies that are in their start up stages often require significant monetary boost so that they can pick up and be competitive like those that are already fully established. On the same note, the high-risk and high potential firms that are still in the early stages of development demand financial investment in form of venture capital. Money is generated by the capital fund by acquiring the ownership of equities in various firms that have been contracted for investment purposes. Most of the contracted firms that often benefit from the vent ure capital include software, IT and biotechnology companies. These types of industries have reputable business models and are also quite competitive in the market. There are myriads of innovative companies that continue to rely on the venture capital as their key source of funding both the new and old projects. This new trend in the adoption of venture capital is common both in the United States and the rest of the developed world. In the event that entrepreneurs are not in a position to obtain funding from other sources, the venture capital provides the much needed start up fund for expanding business operations to new markets. In addition, venture capital can be acquired and used by entrepreneurs even before the actual businesses are fully established. This is in sharp contrast with other sources of business founding that often demand adequately established business platforms. This paper explores the differences between founding a company or business entity in the United States a nd Europe.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although there are myriads of similarities in the acquisition and use of venture capital in the US and Europe, there are also outstanding differences between the two economic blocs. For instance, the manner in which convertible resources are handled appear to be completely different. Other notable differences include deal syndication, exist stage duration, stage financing, and the replacement of past management teams are equally worth considering. However, the application of convertible resources is the most outstanding difference bearing in mind that it is used three times more often in the Unites States compared to the European venture capitalists. Stage Financing Founding a company either in the United States or Europe has its own technical and monetary challenges since both locations are well versed with competitive fi rms that are also well established. Nonetheless, venture capitalists have the ability to retain certain possibilities of premature financing of a venture. This can be achieved by staging the financing in a progressive manner. Finances are thus availed for the entrepreneur in order to cater for funding needs of a particular stage of a company. Hence, the venture capitalist is given the choice of doing away with the venture at any given stage of development of a company. However, it is vital to note that the active involvement of the venture capitalist does not necessarily affect the value obtained from stage financing. Hence, the value that is created usually emerges from the additional business incentives that are put in place in the process of starting up a company. The geographical preference to invest in particular regions is also evident among various entrepreneurs who start companies both in the United States and Europe. However, it is generally easier to acquire venture capita l in most European states compared to the United States.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Differences Between Founding a Company in the US and in Europe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This explains why founding a company in Europe would be a lot easier than in the United States. However, there are other myriads of factors that should be brought on board before embarking on a conclusive review why entrepreneurs would prefer one region to another. The role played by affiliations is yet another important difference when founding a company in the United States and Europe. For instance, there is a close relationship or affiliation between venture capitalists and non financial corporations in Europe than the United States. In addition, the European venture capital investment at the initial stages of development is also known to be smaller in intensity than those of the US counterparts. Hence, the US entrepreneurs seem to enjoy wide benefits when it comes to the issue of economies of scale among newly started companies. On the other hand, the buyout experience is completely different and opposite when the two regions are compared against each other. The latter can be described by the fact that the manner in which venture capital is defined in both regions is different. The exit stage period is also a significant difference between the United States and European entrepreneurs. Other differences that will be reviewed in this paper include syndication, replacement of past management teams and the CS use. These differences are mainly evident because most venture capitalists in the European markets often encounter minimal liquid marketing environments compared to their counterparts in the United States. This can also be further explained in terms of the entry and exit of human resource power that dominates the labor market at any given time. Hence, this scenario has compelled most entrepreneurs in Europe who found companies to take a long time when selling their share capitals. As a result, it makes it quite cumbersome to replace the major labor force that is needed in the newly started companies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The tax and legal requirements when acquiring the venture capital are also another vital consideration to put in place due to the great propensity to invest from one region to another. Liquidations are extremely costly in Europe because they take a longer period of time than in the United States. Most entrepreneurs who start up companies in Europe tend to waste a lot of financial resources due to the delay time before they can eventually invest appropriately. This trend definitely lowers the liquidation value. However, it is vital to mention that the mean value of the financial rounds is almost the same between the United States and European countries. In spite of the presence of such similarities, founding a company in either the United States or the European economic bloc has its own merits and demerits. The latter can best be accounted through the existing differences especially when seeking venture capital. Hence, it is necessary to discuss dominant seminaries at some point if a balanced view of the topic is to be attained. It is also understood that the use of convertible securities in the process of acquiring venture capital also demonstrates a marked difference between the United States and European markets. For instance, the use of convertible securities is three times greater in the United States than among the European entrepreneurs who start up companies. Although this finding may prove to be quite surprising, it clearly indicates that the use of convertible securities is limited to certain regions due to their unique attributes that tend to favor some regions against others. In other words, convertible securities are not favorable for all entrepreneurs who may need venture capital to start up their companies. The contract is not sophisticated in most of the European markets. On the same note, the Canadian market also lacks major sophistications. This explains why there is a difference in the adoption of convertible scurrilities in both of these two regions. The fact that the United States market is already complex in nature, it makes it necessary to use such securities when acquiring venture capital. Another possible reason for this difference is the fact that most entrepreneurs in the United States can easily obtain tax advantages compared to those in the European marketing bloc. Lack of major tax advantages in Europe has been significant drawback since it hinders easy acquisition of the much need venture capital. The venture capital companies in the United States and European countries also have varying types of management and organizational structures that significantly account for the difference in the use of convertible securities. It is worth to mention that different organizational structures have unique goals and objectives. Therefore, the manner in which various organizations may use convertible securities is completely different. In any case, there are organizational structures that may not need convertible securiti es during start ups. In addition, common shares may be preferred by venture capitalists over preferred shares especially if the exit requirements are of less significance than issues regarding control. The venture capital firms have lower affiliations in the United States market than the European market mainly due to the varying organizational structures that exist between these two regional economic blocs. Another emerging difference between founding a company in the United States and Europe is evident in the manner in which syndication is carried out. It is without doubt that the United States experiences more incidents of syndication than Europe. On the same note, the United States has a higher mean size of syndicates than countries located in Europe. This implies that the level of syndication in both geographical regions is a key determining factor when exploring the ease with which a company can be founded. Nevertheless, syndication is relevant in both the US and Europe since i t has a remarkable influence in the manner in which venture capital can be acquired by companies that are still young and in the startup stages. Although the overall level of syndication is higher in the United States than in European countries, it has been established that most of the European countries often experience higher levels syndication with colleagues at the regional level. This is not the same case with individual states in the United States. Moreover, government partners in the European bloc also experience higher levels of syndication among themselves thereby making it easy for companies that are being started to acquire venture capital. In particular, governmental partners in the European bloc provide a legal and well monitored environment through which entrepreneurs wishing to start companies can easily establish themselves in a smooth and least complicated manner. The issue on syndication is also bolstered by the argument that the European markets are not very much developed and are also less liquid compared to that of the United States. Hence, when seeking for a potential buyer, it is obvious that the pool of available contacts is increased by syndication. The age of venture capital firms is also another vital and interesting distinction that can be made between founding companies in the United States and Europe. For instance, the European venture capital market is believed to have had its threshold way back in 1997. Although the aforementioned year is relatively young, it marked an important era in the evolution of the venture capital market in Europe. This was the year when the venture capital market in Europe was marked with intense inflows of capital resources. This marked increase in terms of the venture capital investments in Europe was also experienced in the United States. However, the two regions experienced an increase in venture capital at different times altogether. In addition, the intensities of capital flows were completely dif ferent. The young and well established firms in the United States and Europe also demonstrate marked difference in terms of their venture capitals. Most developed and old firms in the United States find it easy to acquire additional venture capital in order to expand their operations. Hence, it is quite easy for old firms to start up other subsidiary companies compared to most old firms located in the European region. However, there is some form of convergence between the European and the United States industry. The age of the venture capital companies is also closely linked to the use of convertible securities in the process of acquiring venture capital needed to start up companies. It is generally noticeable that younger venture capital firms are more aggressive in investing during the initial stages of a firm The Level of Activity Most empirical research studies have confirmed that most venture capital fims in Europe are not very active. For instance, they are known to use conver tible securities less often than their counterparts in the United States. If it is indeed true that the European venture capital firms are quite dormant, then an investor would opt to invest in an intensely active market like in the United States. The latter guarantees huge and significant flow in capital flows within a relatively short period. For companies that target to reach a wider market with large consumer base, then it is advisable to seek venture capital in the US market. Moreover, the venture capital firms in the European markets do not syndicate their deals quite often. Hence, starting a company in any European market will imply that the company will benefit only from the local partnerships and miss out on the external levels of syndicates. On the same note, founding a company in the European market implies that the firm will have extended round durations. The multivariate setting shows the overall benefits and demerits of investing in Europe and the United States althoug h issues such as replacing the past management teams do not feature at the aforementioned level. Since the European markets have proven to be less liquid, companies that are founded in this region are highly likely to encounter stagnated growth especially if the set objectives are to be met in the short term. The latter scenario is equally worsened by the fact there are no adequate hands-on entrepreneurs in the European market compared to the markets in North America. There are standard incorporation procedures that entrepreneurs may use to start up companies in the United States. Each state has its own legislative measures that must be followed by investors wishing to start companies or venture capital firms in the United States. The reason why incorporating is important is because individual assets are safeguarded from civil liability. It is also worth to mention that the individual shareholders of an incorporated company are treated as separate entities from the corporation. Ther efore, the corporation bears its own tax identification number, responsibilities and liabilities. The choice of a business entity is also another important hurdle to go through when starting up a company in the United States. It is vital to explores the various business options and cost implications of starting any type of business. For instance, the creation of the Limited Liability Companies is not permitted by some states in the US. Therefore, it is necessary to seek help and further guidance for the United States accountant and attorney. In addition, there are associated fees and taxes that are usually paid to the respective states where a company is being started. These fees may sometimes interfere with the capped amount that has been set aside for venture capital. Additional, if the company to be founded will be dealing with exporting products, then it must adhere to the rules and regulations that have been set by the United States Department of state. It works closely with th e departments of defense and commerce. There are many would-be entrepreneurs who are usually discouraged by the many hurdles of setting up companies in Europe. There are myriads of complex procedures that are equally costly that work against entrepreneurs who are eager to invest in Europe. As already mentioned, most of the European markets are still dormant in terms of accessing venture capital needed to roll down new investment ventures. Hence, some entrepreneurs are finding it more advisable to form mergers with other companies in Europe than working alone in setting up new establishments. This approach has been found to be relatively cost effective and also cuts down the risk level that a new business entity has to face upon establishment. To recap it all, it is vital to reiterate that there are myriads of differences between founding a company in the United States and Europe. However, this paper has exclusively explored the topic based on the ease of accessing venture capital in both geographical regions. Some of the key indicators that have been used to discuss the topic include the level of syndication, convertible securities, replacement of past management teams, the age of firms and activity levels of both the United States and European markets. Although both regions have experienced massive growth in the venture capital market in the last two decades or so, it is evident from the discussion that the United States still remains as a more dominant, potential and extremely active capital venture market. The latter argument is attributed to the fact that the European market has not evolved fully in terms of the capital flows in the venture capital market.

Balanced Scorecard Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Balanced Scorecard Implementation - Essay Example Secondly the study has discovered the existence of a negative correlation between the four elements - financial, customer, internal business processes and, learning and growth - of the BSC framework and effective development and integration of information systems as determined by costs. Thus this study is particularly influenced by the relevance or irrelevance of establishing a contingency convergent/divergent theoretical and conceptual model on the relative significance of the existing frameworks for analysis of the BSC framework and ERP environment related endogenous and exogenous variables that have a primary and an immediate impact on learning outcomes such as the need for flexible and cost-effective information systems. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) environment of the modern business organization is determined by three fundamental characteristics. They are material requirements planning (MRP), Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) and digital information systems (DIS) (Esteves, & Pastor, J2001). Thus the ERP environment of the business organization is all about information systems and their design and implementation by using the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) framework. The BSC framework on the other hand consists of four distinct but integral elements, i.e. financial management, customer related perspectives, internal business processes and, learning and growth (Kalpan & Norton 1992). In order for the organization to successfully adopt measures related to BSC performance, the organization would have to adopt ERP measures simultaneously so that the former can be more effective. For instance ERP environment has comparative advantages directly related to BSC framework. Organizations that adopt BSC f ramework as a strategic measure to achieve positive organizational outcomes are compelled to adopt comparatively better MRP, CIM and/or DIS policies. This is determined by competition.Thus the internal corporate environment of the organization is extensively determined by the BSC framework because the above constraint/advantage has a direct impact on the four main elements and their respective sub-elements in the BSC framework. This in turn can be assumed to present a structural and componential framework for reference in establishing a set of paradigms or standards in the examination of ERP systems for effective adoption of information systems in the organization. The consistent need for such effective and flexible information systems and sub-structures thereof has been emphasized time and again by researchers and analysts thus focusing attention on the far reaching consequences of design and implementation of such information systems. The organizational setting requires such ERP m easures to be evaluated in advance for their degree of convergence

Waste Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Waste - Assignment Example ghts the environmental effects caused by extensive use of plastic bags, possible proposed plans of eliminating their use and economic impacts of implementing these plans as well as the financial aspect. Plastic bags pose dangers to animals. Notably, this occurs when plastic bags find their ways into their feeding areas, and mistake them for food especially when residues are present in the bag. Death results in the event of swallowing (Hope, 1998). Secondly, extensive use of these bags causes litter problems, thereby reducing aesthetic value of our environment (Hester and Harrison, 2002). In conclusion, retailers give carryout plastic bags to buyers at no cost. However, they purchase plastic bags at a particular cost spending much more than the cost of operation. Implementation of my proposed plans ensures that retailers save the collected fees to buy a unit of plastic bag than that of paper (Cheremisinoff,

Corporate Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Corporate Accounting - Essay Example However, in 2013, another company was added to the list of subsidiaries. The reason for conducting the activities under different subsidiaries is to be able to allocate and utilize the resources properly. In addition to that, the company can target the market according to the products and services offered through the subsidiaries. The company can also monitor and evaluate financial performances of the subsidiaries distinctively. Moreover, with the activities distributed under different subsidiaries, the company is able to manage the operations throughout horizontal chain of authority. Had the company conducted all the activities under a single entity, it would have rendered the whole business process extremely complex. 5. No, minority or non-controlling interests have not been reported within Brickworks Limited’s balance sheet or income statement. This is precisely because minority interest is only recorded in case of ownership level of less than 50%. However, in case of Brickworks Limited, it has 100% and 50% ownership over its subsidiaries (Phillips, Libby and Libby, 2011). 6. Minority interest or non-controlling interest can generally be found under the non-current liabilities section of a company’s balance sheet. It represents a parent company’s ownership level of less than 50% over its subsidiaries. 7. Since Brickworks Limited does not have non-controlling or minority interests recorded in its financial statements, I have identified another company that has been assigned to my colleague. The company has minority interest recorded in its financial statements. I had a thorough discussion with my colleague regarding non-controlling interest. The discussion revealed that a non-controlling interest is a position that a particular entity holds over another company which does not give him any power to influence the way the held company is to be managed. This means that their ownership level is considerable insignificant, compared to the total number

Contemporary Theories of Crime

Contemporary Theories of Crime According to the history and development of the criminological theory, the knowledge of crime theory has a tendency to include the past criminological theory that has been developed before. For example the labeling theory has a great influence from Chicago school, Durkheim theory and concepts, and symbolic interactionism (Plummer) Theory has the particularity of being the subject of constant renewal, like most of the knowledge in our society. One way of expressing this characteristic is by Thomas Kuhn in his book: structure of scientific revolutions. What he express in his theory is how the knowledge considered as â€Å"normal science†, is in a continuum spiral, according to how theory explains reality inside the framework of paradigms. Once these paradigms reach a point in which they cannot explain reality, normal science reach the point of a crisis. To explain this crisis the paradigms of the normal science must change, summarizing what is usable by the anterior normal scien ce and adding the new knowledge in form of paradigms that explains reality (Kuhn). This is exactly what happens with criminological theory, but still, besides all the progress theory has done, crime is still something hard to attach to a whole theory, and the combination of theory perspectives seems to be the most viable way to express the phenomenon of crime. On the contemporary criminological theory, one the perspectives that has a good approach to the actual context of crime is labeling theory. The labeling theory refers to the attachment of labels to a specific person in society according to the role he has on it. For example someone who commits a crime is recognized by the group of people around him as a criminal. But is not only the person who commits a crime, someone who is accused of committing a crime, doesn’t necessarily have committed that crime, but still he gets the label. Labeling theory refers to the identity that other people confer to one person. This identity is expressed as a label. The labels are stigmas inside society[1] that people must carry. This leads to the other part of the theory. Labeling theory, besides confer a stigma to the members of a society, also tries to explain another aspect of criminological behavior by opening the possibility of change in criminal behavior[2]. The stigma is hard to remove, but this theory proposes a way of reintegrating the members considered abnormal[3]: shaming is the process in which the person submit himself to a treatment or circumstance in which he resigns socially to crime, allowing him to reintegrate to society as a normal subject. The support of this theory is that bring an enormous quantity of material observation in other aspects of society, providing and using the concepts that society uses to determine the subjects inside it. For example the use of labels that are not only related to crime. Another contemporary theory with a wide perspective and more accurately related to actual crime is the environmental theory. This theory has a very situational approach to crime, because it is based on the characteristics that a special place must have for crime to be something executed. Crime occurs within the intersection of a space, time, a motivated offender, an attractive target, and lack of guardianship (Francis T. Cullen). The approach of this situational context has also the inclusion into theory of the daily activities of society, demarking the situation and the possibility of decrease crime by nullifying the situations in which crime can be committed, according to the routine people has. This theory has an opening to set crime as something different from the theories used before the 60’s. The possibility of seeing crime as something that may happen in every context, changes the relations of a stigmatized person to a situational expression of crime. Crime becomes the main subject of study, not the context[4] or the person who commit crime. When in this theory it is said that the focus is on crime, still a lot of concepts and ideas are part of the theory. For instance, the influences of Chicago school of mapping and characterizing crime zones. One contemporary expression of the applications of this theory is the broken windows theory[5]. The third analyzed theory in this text is the Developmental theory. This theory proposes the approach on how crime is explained by the whole history of one subject, group, and society. Crime is attached to every life expression that has happened since birth. Having a research of the main aspects of one person’s life, the individual expression and social values get mixed as the theoretical approach explains crime. This mixture of social and individual behavior is what allows this theory to be one of the most wider and contemporary (Paris). This theory is most applied to young people[6] and it takes into account the perception of the people who commits crime and the people who are victims of a crime. As other contemporary theories, there is possibility of change in the criminological behavior, allowing the criminal to be a normal individual. Some authors explain three ways in which this theory is applied to specific situations. The first one is the continuity of behavior in life course. The second one is that life course behavior might change or continue during time and on its characteristics. And the third one is that the life course behavior continues and changes. This theory is a multiple perspective to analyze crime, by studying the things to take into account to set an idea of how crime develops inside society by the life course of individuals, making a reciprocal analysis of the individuality and collectivity. All together These three theories provide a wide range of analysis, if the three of them are put together there are a lot of factor that would be covered by these theories. Still is not like just mixing the three theories. Each theory has a valid point and perspective to take into account. For example, the developmental theory takes into account the life course, which is an abstraction of the material and real life of the people. It is really a manifestation of the influence of all the material aspects under the mirror of time. This approach is quite accurate to study specific phenomenon because the analysis is deeper in context and it show the influences of society altogether with the individual tendencies. The approach of this theory at certain ages is what restrains this theory to be used. Because of its focuses on age, their analysis perspective loses weight when it is tried to be used in studying different groups, and in the theory itself. This loss of weight is because one of the main cores of this theory is the social development related to biological development. One of the tendencies of these three theories is to provide an option to explain how crime can be changed. Proposing a solution, like the shaming theory[7], or proposing new safety procedures to secure the environment. All these three theories keep the opportunity of becoming a normal[8] citizen or member of a society. Still, besides of the solutions proposed, the praxis of a theory can be very different from what the expectations are. One of the characteristics of these theories, is that are short in context matters. This means that theoretical explanations are only based as maximum to a nation level[9], provoking that many of the structural and contextual representations in politics, economics, culture, education, etc., in the world, cannot be part of the theoretical analysis. But still these representations have their manifestations even in small communities. This is impossible to not take into account macro-tendencies, but it is possible just to focus in micro-tendencies, even if this does not explain a complete context. Labeling theory, as the developmental theory, is not a completely sentence of explanation, but the analysis perspective that is valuable of this perspective is precisely the idea of a label. With the consent or without it, people always make judgments and make labels to identify other people, and to be identified among society as an individual. What criminological theory does is to focus on the labels related to crime. This is a much attached way in which theory explains reality with constructions of reality from society. One of the characteristics of this theory is also that label is just a value granted for the people participant in society, and because of that, according to the social capital[10] and possibilities of change that people have, they might change their label at will. Another fact of this theory, but no so attached to social reality is one of the manifestations of this theory, because of the idea of shaming, not because is not possible, but because is sometimes a motor to commit more crimes in certain contexts. The environmental theory has the possibility of treating crime as a situation with a specific context and circumstances that must be accomplish for the crime to be committed. The focus on the crime as a main subject allows this theory to be the bond for the combination of the other three theories, increasing the possibility of explanation and praxis that these theory have in total. These theoretical perspectives allow taking into account the elements of developmental theory, and use them together in the same explanations or theory. Of course in this conjunction of works, the aspects that restrain developmental theory must not be taken into account. The same goes for the labeling theory. Environmental theory has the possibility of being the connection between the individual perspective of crime in labeling and developmental theory, but at the same time it takes into account the idea of generality prescribed in both. Together with the perspective that environmental theory uses of situational context, crime becomes a definition with a lot of defined perspectives. Using the idea of label and the identity factor to set inside society, and as a representation to the outside society, the idea of crime explains one side of the individual behavior, by the representation that people has during a certain act. The environmental theory explains the event expressed as crime according to the material context in which people lives, but also making reference to another expression of behavioral crime conduct. Using some perspectives of the developmental theory, the factor explained before is part of a whole construction of life, providing a deeply analysis of a crime event, circumstance, conduct, behavior, context, social representation, and manifestation. Contexts and explanations The idea of the scientific revolutions explained at the beginning of the text, is to express one of the situation in which crime theory can be expressed more attached to explain reality. In case of the criminological theories, the perspectives are as many as a bunch. In the whole package of theories, the time has played a main role to develop each theory as the knowledge in crime situations and circumstances becomes wider. But there is a moment, and had happened before, that theory needs a new view and perspective. The citations and influences of the theories in the XIX are immersed in the theories of the XX, and now the contemporary theories are making improvements to explain by new paradigms the new circumstances that involve crime in our society. This, according to Kuhn’s idea, is the traditional process of making the scientific revolution. That is why is importance to pose a new circumstance that provokes a crisis in the criminological theory. Using these three theories may provide a great angle of perspective to analyze a concrete situation. But still the theories are short when it comes to practice. For example: the Mexican context. At first sight is a country like any other, but their main economic and political relations are with United States. The country has a first sight corruption; the police[11] are one of the main actors in these situations and are colluding with the narco[12]. The country is subject of constant violence, but the government is unable to solve the situation, because of the illegal trades and agreements that had surpassed the government power politically and economically. This is at macro-scale, but a micro-scale is almost the same, with the addition that is the poor people who gets involved in this violent context to have something to eat every day. So, how can these three theories make an approach to the context of Mexico? Evidently the crime is on one of the highest rates of Mexican history nowadays. But what is the work of the criminological theory when the established law steps aside and leaves the path to the everyday survival law? Criminological theory must be applied to the context in which it must[13]  be an explanation that requires a reaction from people. Criminological theory as it is right now, does not have the possibility of explaining the events that are happening in the world like Islamic State, Mexico’s violence, Ukraine war, and more. Criminological theory is being insufficient for the fast and changing environment in the world. The implications are every time wide in economy, politics, culture, etc. Using the actual theories to explain crime[14] may explain some aspects of reality, but recovering just the important aspects of each theory does not lead to a complete explanation and possibility of chang e of the real context. Being transdisciplinary is one of the new paradigms that criminological theory can use. Not closing the explanations of the criminal world to just the criminal theory. The possible revolution that criminology as a theoretical science can have is to be at the time of the context. References: Francis T. Cullen, Robert Agnew, Pamela Wilcox. Criminological theory: past to present. New York: Oxford university press, 2007. Kuhn, Thomas. Estructura de las recoluciones cientificas. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2006. Paris, Jessica. Environmental criminolgy and crime prevention. n.d. http://legacy.usfsm.edu/academics/cas/capstone/2010-2011/criminology/paris-environmental criminology intel led policing.pdf?from=404. 29 09 2014. Plummer, Ken. Labeling theory. University of Essex, United Kingdom, 29 09 2014. http://www.sjsu.edu/people/james.lee/courses/soci152/s1/ajreading10labeling.pdf . 27 09 2014. [1] According to the criminological theory, this is focused on crime. [2] This is an implication that this theory has when is applied to explain crime. The results vary, because of personal behavior, situations, and social strains. Even, instead of reducing crime, these implications can even increase it. [3] Those who are consider criminals. [4] This does not mean that context is not taken into account. [5] The maintaining and safety control of urban environments may be a big influence to stop crimes. [6] There is a graphic that represents the main ages in which crime occur that set the age of 10 as the beginning and 20 when the young people stop committing crime. [7] Emphasize on social punishment to provoke shame. It focuses on the behavior on the offender. [8] According to the establishments of what normal is, and also if crime is considered as something abnormal. [9] Contextually, this is a big spectrum, but the political tendencies, economics, society and culture, in which crime is a subject of constant representation, are bigger than the idea of a nation. [10] Explained deeply in â€Å"Two concepts of social capital: Bourdieu vs. Putnam† By Martti Siisiasen, Department of Philosophy, Trinity College, Dublin Ireland. From: http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.istr.org/resource/resmgr/working_papers_dublin/siisiainen.pdf [11] The public force that most stop the crime and apprehend the offenders. [12] Production and commerce of drugs, and traffic of people. [13] The using of this word emphasizes a moral reaction against crime. This must be included as a factor that may change according to the context. [14] Under the look of a moral conception of good and evil.

Disease in the News

The article Tuberculosis in Africa- Combating an HIV-Drive Crisis is written by a Dr. Richard E. Chaisson, a medical doctor and Dr. Neil A. Martinson, deputy director for the Perinatal HIV Research Unit at the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa (Chaisson and Martinson, 2008 ). According to the biography sketch of Dr. Chaisson listed at the website of CREATE (Consortium to Respond Effectively to the AIDS TB Epidemic), Dr.  Chaisson is a professor of Medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and is currently a director for the Center for Tuberculosis Research and the Clinical Preventive TB Services in Baltimore City Health Department (Consortium to Respond Effectively to the AIDS TB Epidemic 2008). He graduated summa cum laude from the University of Massachusetts and studied medicine from the University of Massachusetts Medical School in 1982 (2008). From then on, Chaisson interned at the University of California, interning at the Moffitt Hospital. (200 8).Previous to his current position at Johns Hopkins, Dr. Chaisson was the director for the AIDS Service of Johns Hopkins Hospital (2008). He also served as attending physician in the AIDS Division of The Medical Service in San Francisco General Hospital (2008). Likewise, he has written more than 50 case reports, peer and non-peer reviewed articles on topics concerning HIV and tuberculosis (2008). Needless to say, his educational and professional background [in tuberculosis and AIDS] make him a credible source for this article which focuses on tuberculosis and AIDS.On the other hand, Neil Martinson, as stated earlier, is a deputy director for the Perinatal HIV Research Unit at a university in South Africa (Chaisson and Martinson, 2008). Aside from his, Martinson is a Research Associate for the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, JHU Center for TB Research (Consortium to Respond Effectively to the AIDS TB Epidemic 2008). Martinson’s credential as listed from the CREATE website s tate that Martinson took up his bachelor’s degree from the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa, obtained his Membership of the Faculty of General Practitioners (MFGP) in College of Medicine in South Africa (2008).Furthermore, he completed his post- doctorate studies at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health (2008). Prior to his present position, Dr. Martinson served for the Johannesburg Community and the Johannesburg Urban Environmental Management (2008). He has since co-written peer-reviews research articles and non peer-reviewed publications on AIDS, focusing primarily of the South African health status (2008). While Dr. Chaisson’s fortes are tuberculosis and AIDS, Dr. Martinson’s strong points gear towards AIDS and South Africa.This makes Drs. Chaisson and Martinson credible in writing such article. Tuberculosis in Africa- Combating an HIV-Drive Crisis appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine on its Volume 358 (Chais son and Martinson 2008). The journal is a weekly medical journal publishing review articles and medical research findings on areas such as â€Å"immunology, cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, hematology, kidney disease, oncology, pulmonary disease, rheumatology, HIV and infectious diseases† (New England Journal of Medicine, 2008).The article tackles the growing tuberculosis outbreak in Africa, a dangerous disease driven yet another perilous epidemic in the nation- AIDS and how it is being dealt with (Chaisson and Martinson, 2008). The article starts off by stating that Africa is facing the â€Å"worst tuberculosis epidemic,† one that is driven by the HIV prevalence (Chaisson and Martinson, 2008). The authors cited a World Health Organization (WHO) data affirming the status of tuberculosis incidence in African nations (29% of total global cases) (2008).It also exclaimed, based on two separate studies, that tuberculosis is the â€Å"most common coexisting cond ition† in deaths occurring in people with AIDS (2008). Said studies were published in 2002. The article was written just this year, in March. While the studies proved to be useful in preparing the article, this reviewer feels that the assertion would have been more forceful had the authors included studies that are up to date. For one, the WHO citation came from a 2007 WHO report. It is without a doubt, an updated report.The impact is still fresh. The article talks of a prevalent epidemic so it is rather important to have supporting data that are latest. Earlier studies would only serve as basis for comparison. In the article, the authors explained how tuberculosis and HIV are associated (2008). The explanation is simply stated and since this article is intended for a medical journal, this critic thinks that the explanation is written well, no beating around the bush. Instead, the elucidation is done matter of fact.There is no need for supporting statement or evidence since th e article is targeted for those in the field of medicine. Hence, an explanation like this is something that they know of well. They probably memorize it. Since the disease is focusing only on Africa, the authors are able to provide a national perspective on the epidemic. Figures culled from Africa-related studies are enumerated, making it plain for the readers to realize that that this article is about Africa related incident alone.The focus is Africa so the authors did not include statistics from other countries. This provides a clear focus on the subject. The authors also explained how the nation is dealing with the epidemic. They said that while NGOs have helped tremendously in solving Africa’s health plague, a huge chunk of the money is allocated from HIV and not for tuberculosis. There is no supporting evidence to back this statement. Hence, this reviewer believes that this bold statement would have made more impact had the authors gave further corroboration.However, thi s critic also believes that this would have been difficult to make. Funding agencies would probably just state that they are donating money to help Africa solve its health problems and that would encompass HIV, tuberculosis, etc. A donation is still a donation and any help extended should be received with gratitude. Perhaps, it would have been easy if further studies regarding HIV-driven tuberculosis deaths are published. By then, prospective donors would be the first to extend their arms in funding.The authors enumerated ways on how Africa could deal with this dilemma – taking on new strategies regarding its health care system. They also cited WHO’s intervention. Additionally, they listed a study conducted in 2005 on the impact of antiretroviral therapy involving HIV infected patients in Brazil. This is promising, especially for those directly involved with the African health care system. It is good that the authors included this recent development for it would be som ething that Africa could look into.On the whole, the article is well-written. It is easy to read. The organization of data is presented in a way that the readers, technical or non-technical, would be able to follow it. Furthermore, the authors are two authorities in their respective fields and that alone makes them credible in writing such piece. The statements (majority) are backed with supporting evidence. They did not claim on how to eradicate the outbreak. They merely provided suggestions, again with evidence, on how it could be done.

Little Miss Sunshine Theme Essay Essay

An important idea in the film â€Å"Little Miss Sunshine† directed by Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris is the idea that being a winner is more about perseverance and having fun than coming first place and always succeeding. A key character in the film is Richard Hoover, who portrays the development of this idea through his dialogue, costume and camera angles. Initially as defined by Richard, the world is split into only two types of people, â€Å"winners and losers†. Richard’s opening shot shows a middle-aged man orating to an audience, with a large projector behind him showing ‘the 9 steps’. The low angle establishing shots make him look like a man of importance, but ironically, once his speech has ended we realize he is speaking not to a large crowd of people, but a near empty classroom, with only 10 people. While there is a slight feeling of pity it also brings a note of humor to the speech as Richard who was portrayed as the ‘winner’ of the scene is now revealed to be more of a loser. The opening line of the film is â€Å"There are two types of people in this world, winners and losers† indicating to the viewer that the idea of what makes someone a winner will be dominant throughout the film. The statement is also used as a voice-over for the films first scene, where Olive is practicing winning a beauty pageant. Through this the audience quickly connects that Richard’s view of success has greatly influenced his daughter’s, as she practices her ‘winning’ face. The opening scene has been carefully chosen by the Dayton and Faris as a way to communicate to the audience that Richard’s perspective on winners will be a significant theme throughout the film. Richards’s obsession with winning and how he pushes this onto others is again witnessed as he manipulates Olive into not eating ice cream. When the slightly chubby Olive chooses Waffles and ice cream for breakfast, Richard implies that fatty foods and beauty pageants cannot co-exist. His careful choice of words â€Å"Have you ever seen a fat beauty pageant winner? † show him using Olive’s ambitions to dictate her behavior. He knows she cares deeply about this, and takes advantage of it. The Hoovers reaction to Richard is subtle but vital suggesting to the viewer that when people reach this level of obsession with victory it is no longer appropriate. As in this scene, Richard is shown in a close up of his face. However, when Dwayne, Grandpa and Frank try to get Olive to eat ice cream, they are shown with a mid-shot, displaying their cohesion when trying to cheer up Olive. This group shot further enforces Richard’s separation from the group, illustrating how the family is starting to realize that Richard’s attitude is no longer acceptable. The next important scene is were the audience finally sees Richard at his lowest point, and how he has invested so much of his life into the 9 steps that he cant bear to move on. When Richard is confronted with Sheryl screaming â€Å"Fuck the 9 steps Richard†¦I never want to hear the nine steps again! † he realizes that the foundation of his life might all be crap. Richard urgently hunts down Stan, his ex-business partner, but is met with further rejection. Richard is unable to accept that Stan has moved on, replying, â€Å"You mean give up? One set back, you’re ready to quit†. This scene is important for displaying the theme of what makes someone a winner because it fully encompasses the fact that Richard has become so consumed with compartmentalizing the world into winners and loser, he can no longer see the difference between giving up and just moving on. Costume was also used in this scene to fully emphasize the contrast between Stan Grossman (the winner) who wore an expensive suit, and Richard (the loser), who has on trainers, kaki pants and a cheap polo shirt. When Richard’s father dies, we see an important shift towards the idea of participation relating to winners. The directors have chosen this moment for this idea of what makes a winner to take a significant shift as the audience can see that the grief of losing his father causes Richard change his view on success as he learns to appreciate family. Choosing between abiding by the law (remaining with the body at the hospital) or supporting his daughter, makes him realize that coming first doesn’t always make you a winner. â€Å"If there’s one thing my father would have wanted it’s to see Olive perform in the LMS pageant. † This dialogue shows how Richard has developed, realizing that winning is more about determination and taking part, than first place. Winners are now seen as people that â€Å"don’t give up. † He sees that it wasn’t about Olive coming first for Grandpa, it was about her taking part. Finally the family makes it to the pageant but things start to take turn for the worse when Richard sees the rest of the competition. His expression goes from one of pride and excitement to a look of surprise and worry with and his mouth agape as it gradually dawns on him that the whole point of the trip (winning the Pageant) is no longer a reality as the other contestants are obviously much more experienced and competitive. Richard then rushes into the changing rooms to hurriedly tell Sheryl â€Å"I don’t want her to go on†. This shows that he still believes that it is better to avoid being a loser by not participating than to try and have fun with the risk of not winning. Although the audience can tell by Richards ashamed face, and avoidance of eye contact with Sheryl that he is somewhat embarrassed about having this feeling. This attitude is directly contrasted to the advice that Grandpa gave to Olive â€Å"A real loser is someone so afraid of losing that they don’t try at all†. The final scene where we finally see the idea that winning is more about perseverance and having fun than coming first is when Olive performs her dance routine. In this scene Richard finally understands what being a winner is really all about and instead of telling Olive to stop dancing he instead takes part jumping on stage and validating Olives choice to take part by copying her movements, regardless of if they are going to win. This is when he realizes that participating because you enjoy it is also a lot more fun, smiling and laughing as his family takes the stage, skipping in circles and whooping. This final scene fully conveys to the audience the joy and fulfillment you can gain if you leave your inhibitions behind and have fun by following your passions In conclusion an important Idea in Little Miss Sunshine was displayed through the use of Richard, a main character, coupled with various cinematic techniques such as dialogue, camera angles and costume. This helped to show how initially in the Hoover household a winner was someone who always came first and put their goals before everything else, even family. But gradually as the film progressed they came to realize that striving for first place is an unfulfilling goal but being a true winner is someone who has the perseverance to take part and have fun, regardless of how what others say.